INSTALL(8)              NetBSD System Manager's Manual              INSTALL(8)

NAME
     INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/evbarm.

CONTENTS
     About this Document
     What is NetBSD?
     Dedication
     Changes Between The NetBSD 8 and 9 Releases
        Installation and Partitioning Changes
     Features to be removed in a later release
     The NetBSD Foundation
     Sources of NetBSD
     NetBSD 9.4 Release Contents
        NetBSD/evbarm subdirectory structure
        Binary distribution sets
     NetBSD/evbarm System Requirements and Supported Devices
        32-bit SoCs supported by GENERIC kernels (ARMv7-A)
        64-bit SoCs supported by GENERIC64 kernels
     Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media
     Preparing your System for NetBSD installation
     Installing the NetBSD System
        Installation for ARMv7 and AArch64 devices with U-Boot
        Installing NetBSD/evbarm to a SATA hard disk
     Post installation steps
     Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System
     Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases
     Using online NetBSD documentation
     Administrivia
     Thanks go to
     Legal Mumbo-Jumbo
     The End

DESCRIPTION
   About this Document
     This document describes the installation procedure for
     NetBSD 9.4 on the evbarm platform.  It is available in four
     different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of
     .ps, .html, .more, or .txt:

           .ps     PostScript.

           .html   Standard Internet HTML.

           .more   The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like
                   systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util-
                   ity programs.  This is the format in which the
                   on-line man pages are generally presented.

           .txt    Plain old ASCII.

     You are reading the ASCII version.

   What is NetBSD?
     The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open
     Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the Univer-
     sity of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2),
     4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources.  NetBSD runs on many
     different different system architectures (ports) across a
     variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to
     more.  The NetBSD 9.4 release contains complete binary
     releases for most of these system architectures, with pre-
     liminary support for the others included in source form.
     Please see the NetBSD website: https://www.NetBSD.org/ for
     information on them.

     NetBSD is a completely integrated system.  In addition to
     its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea-
     tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev-
     eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and
     numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.

     NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu-
     nity.  Without the unique cooperation and coordination the
     net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist.

   Dedication
     NetBSD 9.4 is dedicated to the memory of Wayne Knowles, who
     passed away in December 2022.

     Wayne was a long term contributor, working mostly on low
     level Mips code.

     Beyond his technical contributions, Wayne was always helpful
     and friendly.  His example encouraged users to contribute to
     the project and share their work with the community.

   Changes Between The NetBSD 8 and 9 Releases
     The NetBSD 9.4 release provides many significant changes,
     including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug
     fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous user-
     land enhancements.  The result of these improvements is a
     stable operating system fit for production use that rivals
     most commercially available systems.

     It is impossible to completely summarize the massive devel-
     opment that went into the NetBSD 9.4 release.  The complete
     list of changes can be found in the following files:
     CHANGES:
           https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/CHANGES
     CHANGES-9.1:
           https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/CHANGES-9.1
     CHANGES-9.2:
           https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/CHANGES-9.2
     CHANGES-9.3:
           https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/CHANGES-9.3
     CHANGES-9.4:
           https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/CHANGES-9.4
     files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 9.4 release
     tree.

     Installation and Partitioning Changes

     The sysinst installation program has been reworked for this
     release.

     It now supports arbitrary big disks and offers GPT parti-
     tions as alternative to MBR/fdisk partitions on a lot archi-
     tectures.

     Unfortunately it has not been tested on all hardware sup-
     ported by NetBSD.  If you have problems partitioning the
     target disk or installing the system, please report bugs
     with as much details as possible.  See the Administrivia
     section below on how to report bugs or contact other users
     and ask for support.

   Features to be removed in a later release
     The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the
     future:

     o   groff(1).  Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and
         groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as textproc/groff.

   The NetBSD Foundation
     The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit
     501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional
     goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade-
     mark of the word ``NetBSD''.  It supports the design, devel-
     opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide.  More information
     on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work
     can be found at:
           https://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/

   Sources of NetBSD
     Refer to mirrors:
           https://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/

   NetBSD 9.4 Release Contents
     The root directory of the NetBSD 9.4 release is organized as
     follows:

     .../NetBSD-9.4/

     CHANGES       Changes between the 8.0 and 9.0 releases.

     CHANGES-9.0   Changes between the initial 9.0 branch and
                   final release of 9.0.

     CHANGES-9.1   Changes between the 9.0 and the 9.1 release.

     CHANGES-9.2   Changes between the 9.1 and the 9.2 release.

     CHANGES-9.3   Changes between the 9.2 and the 9.3 release.

     CHANGES-9.4   Changes between the 9.3 and the 9.4 release.

     CHANGES.prev  Changes in previous NetBSD releases.

     LAST_MINUTE   Last minute changes and notes about the
                   release.

     README.files  README describing the distribution's contents.

     images/       Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing
                   NetBSD.  Depending on your system, these may
                   be bootable.

     source/       Source distribution sets; see below.

     In addition to the files and directories listed above, there
     is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec-
     tures for which NetBSD 9.4 has a binary distribution.

     The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories
     of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree.  They
     contain the complete sources to the system.  The source dis-
     tribution sets are as follows:

     gnusrc    This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including
               the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and
               the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution
               sets.

     sharesrc  This set contains the ``share'' sources, which
               include the sources for the man pages not associ-
               ated with any particular program; the sources for
               the typesettable document set; the dictionaries;
               and more.

     src       This set contains all of the base NetBSD 9.4
               sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or
               syssrc.

     syssrc    This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 9.4
               kernel for all architectures as well as the
               config(1) utility.

     xsrc      This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys-
               tem.

     All the above source sets are located in the source/sets
     subdirectory of the distribution tree.

     The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files.
     Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked
     into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src
     with the command:
           # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz

     In each of the source distribution set directories, there
     are files which contain the checksums of the files in the
     directory:

           MD5     MD5 digests in the format produced by the com-
                   mand:
                   cksum -a MD5 file.

           SHA512  SHA512 digests in the format produced by the
                   command:
                   cksum -a SHA512 file.

     The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided
     so that a wider range of operating systems can check the
     integrity of the release files.

     NetBSD/evbarm subdirectory structure

     The evbarm-specific portion of the NetBSD 9.4 release is
     found in the evbarm subdirectory of the distribution:
     .../NetBSD-9.4/evbarm/.  It contains the following files and
     directories:

     INSTALL.html
     INSTALL.ps
     INSTALL.txt
     INSTALL.more  Installation notes in various file formats,
                   including this file.  The .more file contains
                   underlined text using the more(1) conventions
                   for indicating italic and bold display.
     binary/
                   gzimg/
                            armv7.img.gz  A gzipped writable
                                          image containing the
                                          complete NetBSD operat-
                                          ing system for a range
                                          of 32-bit devices
                                          (includes a GENERIC
                                          kernel).
                            arm64.img.gz  A gzipped writable
                                          image containing the
                                          complete NetBSD operat-
                                          ing system for a range
                                          of 64-bit devices
                                          (includes a GENERIC64
                                          kernel).
                            rpi.img.gz    A gzipped writable
                                          image containing the
                                          complete 32-bit NetBSD
                                          operating system for
                                          Raspberry Pi variants
                                          only (includes RPI ker-
                                          nels).
                   kernel/
                            netbsd-GENERIC.gz
                                       A gzipped ARMv7 kernel
                                       which supports a range of
                                       32-bit devices that do not
                                       need board-specific ker-
                                       nels.
                            netbsd-GENERIC64.gz
                                       A gzipped AArch64 kernel
                                       which supports a range of
                                       64-bit devices that do not
                                       need board-specific ker-
                                       nels.
                            netbsd-RPI.gz
                                       A gzipped ARMv6 kernel
                                       which supports the Rasp-
                                       berry Pi 1 only.
                            netbsd-RPI2.gz
                                       A gzipped ARMv6 kernel
                                       which supports the Rasp-
                                       berry Pi 2 only.
                            *.dtb.gz   Gzipped board-specific
                                       device trees.
                   sets/    evbarm binary distribution sets; see
                            below.
     installation/
                   miniroot/  evbarm kernel modules providing
                              memory disk root file systems for
                              expert usage.
                   misc/
                              bootaa64.efi
                                            AArch64 EFI boot-
                                            loader

Binary distribution sets

The NetBSD 9.4 release for evbarm is comprised of the following
binary sets, which can be found in the evbarm/binary/sets subdi-
rectory of the NetBSD 9.4 distribution tree:

base     The NetBSD 9.4 evbarm base binary distribution.  You
         must install this distribution set.  It contains the
         base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system
         to run and be minimally functional.

comp     Things needed for compiling programs.  This set includes
         the system include files (/usr/include) and the various
         system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are
         included as part of the base set).  This set also
         includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it
         contains, as well as the system call and library manual
         pages.

debug    This distribution set contains debug information for all
         base system utilities.  It is useful when reporting
         issues with binaries or during developement.  This set
         is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it.

etc      This distribution set contains the system configuration
         files that reside in /etc and in several other places.
         This set must be installed if you are installing the
         system from scratch, but should not be used if you are
         upgrading.

games    This set includes the games and their manual pages.

kern-GENERIC
         This set contains a NetBSD/evbarm 9.4 GENERIC kernel,
         named /netbsd.  You must install this distribution set.

man      This set includes all of the manual pages for the bina-
         ries and other software contained in the base set.  Note
         that it does not include any of the manual pages that
         are included in the other sets.

misc     This set includes the system dictionaries, the typeset-
         table document set, and other files from /usr/share.

modules  This set includes kernel modules to add functionality to
         a running system.

rescue   This set includes the statically linked emergency
         recover binaries installed in /rescue.

text     This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools,
         including groff(1), all related programs, and their man-
         ual pages.

NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System
in order to assure tight integration and compatibility.  These
sources are based on X.Org.  Binary sets for the X Window System
are distributed with NetBSD.  The sets are:

xbase    The basic files needed for a complete X client environ-
         ment.  This does not include the X servers.

xcomp    The extra libraries and include files needed to compile
         X source code.

xdebug   This distribution set contains debug information for all
         X11 binaries.  It is useful when reporting issues with
         these binaries or during developement.  This set is
         huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it.

xfont    Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients.

xetc     Configuration files for X which could be locally modi-
         fied.

xserver  The X server.  This includes the modular X.Org server.

The evbarm binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped
tar files named with the extension .tgz (e.g., base.tgz).

The instructions given for extracting the source sets work
equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if
you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are rela-
tive and therefore the files are extracted below the current
directory.  Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into
your system, i.e., replace the system binaries with them, you
have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / )
of your system.

Note:  Each directory in the evbarm binary distribution also has
       its own checksum files, just as the source distribution
       does.

NetBSD/evbarm System Requirements and Supported Devices
32-bit SoCs supported by GENERIC kernels (ARMv7-A)

QEMU:
      https://wiki.netbsd.org/ports/evbarm/qemu_arm/
is also supported.
      o   Allwinner A10, A13, A20, A32, A80, A83T, H3 (e.g.
          Cubieboard, OLinuXino, LeMaker Banana Pi...)
      o   Amlogic S805 (e.g. ODROID-C1)
      o   Broadcom BCM2836 (e.g. Raspberry Pi 2)
      o   Samsung Exynos 5422 (e.g. ODROID-XU3/XU-4)
      o   Texas Instruments AM335x and OMAP3 (e.g. BeagleBoard,
          BeagleBone Black...)
      o   Xilinx Zynq (e.g. Zedboard, Parallella...)
      o   NVIDIA Tegra K1

64-bit SoCs supported by GENERIC64 kernels

Devices conforming to the Server Base System Architecture speci-
fication, and QEMU:
      https://wiki.netbsd.org/ports/evbarm/qemu_arm/
are also supported.
      o   Allwinner H5, H6, A64 (e.g. PINE64, Pinebook, NanoPi
          A64, OLinuXino...)
      o   Amlogic S905, S805X, S905D, S905W, S905X (e.g. ODROID-
          C2, Le Potato, NanoPi K2...)
      o   Broadcom BCM2837 (e.g. Raspberry Pi 3)
      o   Marvell ThunderX
      o   Rockchip RK3328, RK3328 (e.g. Pinebook Pro, RockPro64,
          Firefly...)
      o   NVIDIA Tegra X1

Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media
Generally, NetBSD is installed on ARM devices by writing a live
image (armv7.img, or arm64.img for 64-bit devices) to a SD card
or USB device.  For ARMv6 Raspberry Pi 1s, this image is
rpi.img.gz.  The storage device should be at least 2GB.

If you're on Windows rather than a Unix variant, you can use
rawrite32:
      https://www.netbsd.org/~martin/rawrite32/index.html
instead of dd(1) to write images, and 7-Zip:
https://www.7-zip.org/ to decompress .gz files.

ARM devices generally also ship with a vendor-specific U-Boot
bootloader, which may be replaced with a board-specific "main-
line" U-Boot image from pkgsrc for an optimal NetBSD experience.
The images available from armbsd.org:
      http://www.armbsd.org/arm/
come pre-prepared with a board-specific U-Boot image if one is
available, and otherwise a generic image can be used.

Preparing your System for NetBSD installation
After writing an SD card image, there are generally no specific
preparation steps needed for ARM.

Once the system is booted, the init system will resize the root
partition to take up the entire disk.  Afterwards, the system can
be configured to your liking.

Installing the NetBSD System
Installation for ARMv7 and AArch64 devices with U-Boot

      o   Download or build armv7.img.gz (32-bit) or arm64.img.gz
          (64-bit).
      o   Decompress the .gz image, using gunzip(1) on Unix.
      o   Write the image to disk:

          # dd if=armv7.img of=/dev/rld0d bs=1m conv=sync
      o   If you are using Microsoft Windows, you can use
          rawrite32:
                https://www.netbsd.org/~martin/rawrite32/
          to write SD card images, which can handle decompression
          too.
      o   To replace the vendor U-Boot bootloader with a "main-
          line" U-Boot, obtain a board-specific image. Bootload-
          ers are provided by the sysutils/u-boot-* packages in
          pkgsrc: https://www.pkgsrc.org/.

          If you're using pkgsrc on an UNIX-like operating system
          that isn't NetBSD, you must bootstrap first (see the
          README file in the root directory of pkgsrc).

          You can also extract the U-Boot image from u-boot-*.tgz
          archive in an existing NetBSD binary package set:
                https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/aarch64/9.0/All/.

          Install the board-specific U-Boot to the SD card, e.g.
          for Allwiner devices (PINE H64 in this case):

          # dd if=/usr/pkg/share/u-boot/pine-h64/u-boot-sunxi-with-spl.bin of=/dev/rld0d bs=1k seek=8 conv=sync

          Or a Rockchip device (e.g. RockPro64):

          # dd if=/usr/pkg/share/u-boot/rockpro64/rksd_loader.img of=/dev/rld0d seek=64 conv=sync

If you do not want to prepare a SD card image manually, NetBSD
developer Jared McNeill provides pre-prepared images on his web-
site armbsd.org:
      http://www.armbsd.org/arm/.

Installing NetBSD/evbarm to a SATA hard disk

Some ARM boards offer a SATA interface, and you might want to
install NetBSD to a hard disk after you've got it running from an
SD card.  You can do this using sysinst(8) from within NetBSD.

There are instructions for using sysinst on ARM:
      https://wiki.netbsd.org/ports/evbarm/install_using_sysinst/
on the NetBSD wiki.  The main difference from installing on other
ports is that a FAT32 partition is required for /boot.

Post installation steps
Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few
things you need to do in order to bring the system into a prop-
erly configured state.  The most important steps are described
below.

1.   Before all else, read postinstall(8).

2.   Configuring /etc/rc.conf

     If you or the installation software haven't done any config-
     uration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst normally will), the system
     will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the
     message

           /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot
           aborted.

     and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only.  When
     the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN
     to get to a /bin/sh prompt.  If you are asked for a terminal
     type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for
     your terminal type) and press RETURN.  You may need to type
     one of the following commands to get your delete key to work
     properly, depending on your keyboard:
           # stty erase '^h'
           # stty erase '^?'
     At this point, you need to configure at least one file in
     the /etc directory.  You will need to mount your root file
     system read/write with:
           # /sbin/mount -u -w /
     Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the
     /etc/rc.conf file.  Modify it to your tastes, making sure
     that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be
     enabled and a multi-user boot can proceed.  Default values
     for the various programs can be found in
     /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may
     be found.  More complete documentation can be found in
     rc.conf(5).

     When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at
     the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with
     the multi-user boot.

     Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a
     networked environment are hostname and possibly
     defaultroute.  You may also need to add an ifconfig_int for
     your <int> network interface, along the lines of

           ifconfig_fxp0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0"

     or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts:

           ifconfig_fxp0="inet myname.my.dom netmask
           255.255.255.0"

     To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to
     add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little
     more adventurous) run named(8).  See resolv.conf(5) or
     named(8) for more information.

     Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used
     by setting dhcpcd=YES in /etc/rc.conf.

3.   Logging in

     After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt.
     If you didn't set a password in sysinst, there is no initial
     password.  You should create an account for yourself (see
     below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good
     passwords.  By default, root login from the network is dis-
     abled (even via ssh(1)).  One way to become root over the
     network is to log in as a different user that belongs to
     group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root.

4.   Adding accounts

     Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system.
     Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and
     pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database.

5.   The X Window System

     If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read
     the chapter about X in the NetBSD Guide:
           https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html:

6.   Installing third party packages

     If you wish to install any of the software freely available
     for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first
     check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc.  pkgsrc automati-
     cally handles any changes necessary to make the software run
     on NetBSD.  This includes the retrieval and installation of
     any other packages the software may depend upon.

     o   More information on the package system is available at
               https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html

     o   A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at
               https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/README.html

     o   Precompiled binaries can be found at
               https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/
         usually in the evbarm/9.4/All subdir.  If you installed
         pkgin(1) in the sysinst post-installation configuration
         menu, you can use it to automatically install binary
         packages over the network.  Assuming that
         /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf is correctly con-
         figured, you can install them with the following com-
         mands:

         # pkgin install tcsh
         # pkgin install bash
         # pkgin install perl
         # pkgin install apache
         # pkgin install kde
         # pkgin install firefox
         ...

         Note:  Some mirror sites don't mirror the /pub/pkgsrc
                directory.

         The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne
         Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web
         server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web
         browser as well as all the packages they depend on.

     o   If you did not install it from the sysinst post-instal-
         lation configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7) framework for
         compiling packages can be obtained by retrieving the
         file
               https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/stable/pkgsrc.tar.gz.
         It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other
         locations work fine) with the commands:

               # cd /usr
               # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz

         After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the
         extraction directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt)
         for more information.

7.   Misc

     o   Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right
         place.  Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards.

     o   Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use.

     o   Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of
         the manual; so just invoking

               # man 5 filename

         is likely to give you more information on these files.

Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System
The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD evbarm 9.4 is by using the
sysutils/sysupgrade package from pkgsrc.

First, edit /usr/pkg/etc/sysupgrade.conf.  Make sure RELEASEDIR
and ARCHIVE_EXTENSION are correct:

# Replace evbarm-aarch64 with evbarm-earmv7hf on a 32-bit system, evbarm-earmv6hf on the original RPI
RELEASEDIR="https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/evbarm-aarch64/"
ARCHIVE_EXTENSION=tar.xz

Make sure /boot is mounted, and copy the new board-specific *.dts
device tree file into place.  Note that the device tree files are
sorted into SoC-type subdirectories in /boot/dtb, e.g. allwinner,
amlogic, broadcom, freescale, nvidia, rockchip.

For example, for the Allwinner-based PINE A64 LTS:

$ ftp https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/evbarm-aarch64/binary/kernel/sun50i-a64-pine64-lts.dtb.gz
$ gunzip sun50i-a64-pine64-lts.dtb.gz
# cp sun50i-a64-pine64-lts.dtb /boot/dtb/allwinner/
Also copy bootaa64.efi if applicable:

$ ftp https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/evbarm-aarch64/installation/misc/bootaa64.efi
# cp bootaa64.efi /boot/EFI/BOOT/bootaa64.efi

Finally:

# sysupgrade fetch
# sysupgrade kernel
# sysupgrade modules
# reboot
# sysupgrade sets
# sysupgrade etcupdate
# sysupgrade postinstall
# reboot

This is the most careful possible path with sysupgrade that makes
sure the kernel and userland are always fully compatible, by mak-
ing sure the kernel and boot files are newer than the userland.
It is also possible to:

# sysupgrade auto
# reboot

Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases
Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear
the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when
upgrading to NetBSD 9.4.

Note that sysinst will automatically invoke

      postinstall fix
and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default will
be handled.

A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 9.4 release.
See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the
beginning of this document for a list.

Using online NetBSD documentation
Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribu-
tion set.  Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are
denoted by `name(section)'.  Some examples of this are

      o   intro(1),
      o   man(1),
      o   apropos(1),
      o   passwd(1), and
      o   passwd(5).

The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but
three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1,
file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is
in section 8.

The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and
is started by entering man [section] topic.  The brackets []
around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate
that the section is optional.  If you don't ask for a particular
section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be
displayed.  For instance, after logging in, enter

      # man passwd

to read the documentation for passwd(1).  To view the documenta-
tion for passwd(5), enter

      # man 5 passwd

instead.

If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter

      # apropos subject-word

where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly
related man pages will be displayed.

Administrivia
If you've got something to say, do so!  We'd like your input.
There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list
server at majordomo@NetBSD.org.  See
      https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
for details.

There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and
questions about this release.  Please send comments to:
netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org.

To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD,
and fill in as much information about the problem as you can.
Good bug reports include lots of details.

Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at
      https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html

There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of
each port of NetBSD.  Use majordomo to find their addresses, or
visit
      https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/

If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a spe-
cific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port
(listed below).

If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you
could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to:
netbsd-users@NetBSD.org.

As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these
mailing lists.  Instead, put the material you would have sent up
for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about
it.  If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll
send the data to those who want it.

Thanks go to
o   The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group,
    including (but not limited to):

          Keith Bostic
          Ralph Campbell
          Mike Karels
          Marshall Kirk McKusick

    for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement.

o   The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD
    FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and
    WWW servers.

o   The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the
    server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source
    tree.

o   The Columbia University Computer Science Department for host-
    ing the build cluster.

o   The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites.

o   Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so
    our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various
    other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool.

o   We list the individuals and organizations that have made
    donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support
    NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at
          https://www.NetBSD.org/donations/
    (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us!  We prob-
    ably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that
    you wanted to be listed.)

o   Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and
    tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January,
    1993.  (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve
    thanks here.  If you're one of them, and would like to be
    mentioned, tell us!)

Legal Mumbo-Jumbo
All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective owners.

The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms
of the software that we have mentioned in this document:

NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
This product includes software developed by the University of
California, Berkeley and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Founda-
tion.
This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Founda-
tion, Inc. and its contributors.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project.
See https://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about NetBSD.
This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric
Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric
Young (eay@mincom.oz.au)
This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson.
This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of
Lulea.
This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of
Lulea, Sweden and its contributors.
This product includes software developed at the Information Tech-
nology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and Har-
vard University.
This product includes software developed by Adam Ciarcinski for
the NetBSD project.
This product includes software developed by Adam Glass.
This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and
Charles M.  Hannum.
This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda.
This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda, and
Colin Wood for the NetBSD Projet.
This product includes software developed by Allen Briggs.
This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty and
Roger Hardiman
This product includes software developed by Ben Gray.
This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software
Design, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Bill Paul.
This product includes software developed by Boris Popov.
This product includes software developed by Brini.
This product includes software developed by Bruce M. Simpson.
This product includes software developed by Causality Limited.
This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum.
This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum.
This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum, by
the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Gar-
rett A.  Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of
California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its con-
tributors.
This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps.
This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps,
Ezra Story, Kari Mettinen, Markus Wild, Lutz Vieweg and Michael
Teske.
This product includes software developed by Christopher G.
Demetriou.
This product includes software developed by Christopher G.
Demetriou for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Chuck Silvers.
This product includes software developed by Cisco Systems, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Colin Wood.
This product includes software developed by Colin Wood for the
NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Computing Services at
Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/).
This product includes software developed by Daan Vreeken.
This product includes software developed by Daishi Kato
This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk and
Michael L. Hitch.
This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk for
the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gor-
don Ross
This product includes software developed by David Miller.
This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley.
This product includes software developed by Emmanuel Dreyfus
This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda.
This product includes software developed by Eric S. Raymond
This product includes software developed by Eric Young
(eay@cryptsoft.com)
This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@min-
com.oz.au)
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story and by
Kari Mettinen.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari
Mettinen and by Bernd Ernesti.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari
Mettinen, and Michael Teske.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari
Mettinen, Michael Teske and by Bernd Ernesti.
This product includes software developed by Frank van der Linden
for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan.
This product includes software developed by Garrett D'Amore.
This product includes software developed by Gary Thomas.
This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross
This product includes software developed by Harvard University.
This product includes software developed by Harvard University
and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis
and Joerg Wunsch
This product includes software developed by Henrik Vestergaard
Draboel.
This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl.
This product includes software developed by Hidetoshi Shimokawa.
This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the
NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall.
This product includes software developed by Intel Corporation and
its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative
Japan Inc.
This product includes software developed by Internet Research
Institute, Inc.
This product includes software developed by James R. Maynard III.
This product includes software developed by Jared D. McNeill.
This product includes software developed by Jason L. Wright
This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for
And Communications, http://www.and.com/
This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-
Baltes.
This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The
NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Joerg Wunsch
This product includes software developed by John Birrell.
This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski.
This product includes software developed by John Polstra.
This product includes software developed by Jonathan R. Stone for
the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone.
This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and
Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for
the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield.
This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi
This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi and H.
Shimokawa
This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa Shimizu.
This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto.
This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey.
This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara.
This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by
Bernd Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of Cal-
ifornia, Berkeley and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems.
This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman and
Waldi Ravens.
This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes.
This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg.
This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz.
This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt.
This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe.
This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for
the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim
Lowe
This product includes software developed by Markus Wild.
This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden.
This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh.
This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki.
This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis
This product includes software developed by Matthew Fredette.
This product includes software developed by Michael Smith.
This product includes software developed by Microsoft
This product includes software developed by Mika Kortelainen
This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard.
This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and
contributors.
This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto.
This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto,
Takuya Harakawa.
This product includes software developed by Niels Provos.
This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist.
This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist,
Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas.
This product includes software developed by Paolo Abeni.
This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg.
This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras.
This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras
<paulus@samba.org>.
This product includes software developed by Pedro Roque Marques
<pedro_m@yahoo.com>
This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom.
This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy.
This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson.
This product includes software developed by QUALCOMM Incorpo-
rated.
This product includes software developed by RiscBSD.
This product includes software developed by Roar Thronaes.
This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes.
This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman
This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann.
This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey.
This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the
NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram.
This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens.
This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE.
This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the
University of California, Berkeley, and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing.
This product includes software developed by Steven M. Bellovin
This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada.
This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura.
This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the
NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Tommi Komulainen
<Tommi.Komulainen@iki.fi>.
This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH.
This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation,
Ltd.
This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens.
This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its
contributors.
This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies,
Inc.
This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki
This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North
Dakota State University
This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc.
This product includes software developed by the Alice Group.
This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems
Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems
Laboratory at the University of Utah.
This product includes software developed by the Harvard Univer-
sity and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Kungliga Tekniska
Hoegskolan and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Network Research
Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)
This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project
and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel
team
This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team.
This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology
Development Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc.
This product includes software developed by the University of
California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories.
This product includes software developed by the University of
California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the University of
California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the University of
Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman.
This product includes software developed by the University of
Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by
William F.  Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berke-
ley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign
Independent Media Center.
This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Allegro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Bernd Ernesti.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Christopher G. Demetriou.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Eiji Kawauchi.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Frank van der Linden
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Genetec Corporation.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Jason R. Thorpe.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by John M. Vinopal.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Jonathan Stone.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Kyma Systems LLC.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Matthias Drochner.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Perry E. Metzger.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Piermont Information Systems Inc.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Shigeyuki Fukushima.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
by Wasabi Systems, Inc.
This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera
International, Inc.
This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per
Fogelstrom.
This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per
Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA.
This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for
use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems.  "Similar oper-
ating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for
research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD",
"FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU).
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The
Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their
documentation.

In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to
portions of the system documentation.

Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic
form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for
Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface
(POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright
(C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc and The Open Group.  In the event of any
discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The
Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard is the referee document.

The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.

This notice shall appear on any product containing this material.

In the following statement, "This software" refers to the
parallel port driver:
      This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by
      William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse.

Some files have the following copyright:
      Mach Operating System
      Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon University
      All Rights Reserved.

      Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this soft-
      ware and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that
      both the copyright notice and this permission notice appear
      in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified
      versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices
      appear in supporting documentation.

      CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS
      CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY
      KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF
      THIS SOFTWARE.

      Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return
      to
      Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Distribu-
      tion@CS.CMU.EDU
      School of Computer Science
      Carnegie Mellon University
      Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

      any improvements or extensions that they make and grant
      Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes.

Some files have the following copyright:
      Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University.
      All rights reserved.

      Author: Chris G. Demetriou

      Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this soft-
      ware and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that
      both the copyright notice and this permission notice appear
      in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified
      versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices
      appear in supporting documentation.
      CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS
      IS" CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF
      ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE
      OF THIS SOFTWARE.

      Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return
      to
      Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Distribu-
      tion@CS.CMU.EDU
      School of Computer Science
      Carnegie Mellon University
      Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

      any improvements or extensions that they make and grant
      Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes.

Some files have the following copyright:
      Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford
      Junior University. All Rights Reserved.

      Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this soft-
      ware and its documentation for any purpose and without fee
      is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice
      appear in all copies.  Stanford University makes no repre-
      sentations about the suitability of this software for any
      purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied
      warranty.

The End
NetBSD/evbarm 9.4                Apr 20, 2024                NetBSD/evbarm 9.4