   From DOS/Windows to Linux HOWTO
   Guido Gonzato,  <guido@ibogeo.df.unibo.it> :
   ,  <ntheo@math.auth.gr>
  v1.3.2, 22  1999

    HOWTO      ( ;) 
   DOS   Windows      Linux, 
     UNIX.        
           DOS   Windows
     Linux,        
          .
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents




















































  1. 

     1.1   Linux   ;
     1.2 .   .
        1.2.1  
        1.2.2    
     1.3 

  2.   

  3.   bash

  4.   

     4.1 :  
     4.2  
     4.3   
     4.4 :  
        4.4.1 
     4.5  :    (Sessions)
     4.6     .

  5.  

     5.1 :  
     5.2  
     5.3 :  
        5.3.1 

  6. ,   

     6.1       DOS.
     6.2       UNIX.
     6.3   (back up)

  7.   Windows;

  8.   

     8.1   
     8.2   

  9.  

  10.  

     10.1  :      .bat
     10.2   C- 

  11.   1%

     11.1    tar  gzip
     11.2  
     11.3  
     11.4    
     11.5       
     11.6   UNIX  DOS/Windows
     11.7     
     11.8  
     11.9   

  12. ,   !

     12.1 Copyright (  right;)
     12.2  

  ______________________________________________________________________

  [1m1.  [0m



  [1m1.1.    Linux   ;[0m


         DOS (   
    Windows)  Linux;  :  Linux   
   DOS,  Windows 9x     Windows NT.  :
        .     
    DOS/Windows   Linux:


     Windows   Microsoft Office   .
           . 
      .  .  .

     Linux   StarOffice,     
      .       
      .    .  .
       .

        . ,  Linux
    ,          
   . ,    
  ,          ,
      .  '     
       Linux  ,   
   .

   Linux     ,  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m.  Linux   
  . '       100%
  ;    Linux       
  . ' ,   Linux + DOS/Win  
      .

   '   howto:  


           DOS,

          Linux,

       X Window System (  X11),

      (   COMMAND.COM)   bash.

     ,     
      DOS.     
     Windows here and there,   '    Windows
    Linux   ,     DOS 
         UNIX.

    '          ,
      !

            
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/howto>.



  [1m1.2.  .   .[0m


    Linux      
   .         ( 
   adduser toonomasas [4m![24m   Linux .  
       ,     
   ;.

   .....      ,  
   DOS/Win,   .    DOS/Win  
     :


         , , ,
     , ,  

    ,  ,    
          

             
     

       

       

       .BAT      

      1%

            
     Linux       DOS.  DOS 
        100   
    ,   ,    Linux.


  [1m1.2.1.   [0m


              .
     Linux      
    ,        (login) 
  root,      .  :


    ' ,     Linux  :   
      ,  <CTRL-ALT-DEL>,   
       (reboot)     .  
       X Window System,  <CTRL-ALT-BACKSPACE> , 
      <CTRL-ALT-DEL>. [4m[24m      
     ' :        (file
     system)

       DOS  Windows,  Linux   
     .       
     (permissions)   .  ,   -
              (
     ``  '').  DOS   Windows, ,
               
     `

          root:  
       ,       
     .      ,   
     root.   [4m[24m:      
            ,    
     DOS/Win.    root     
     

         Linux   
      .       
       Linux       
      .       

      (redirection)   piping   
      DOS,        Linux. 
        ,      .
             .



  [1m1.2.2.     [0m


           Linux. 
   :


    [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m---  ! '  
      HOWTO         
     Linux,        : 
     Linux Installation and Getting Started  Matt Welsh (
     <http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/LDP/gs/gs.html>),  Linux User Guide
      Larry Greenfield ( <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/linux-
     doc-project/users-guide>),   FAQ  Linux (
     <http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html>).   
             !

            
       /usr/doc/

             
     ,  help , , man bash  info bash

        ,  man    
       (man page)  . ,  info
       ,  ,    (info
     page)  ޷      
      (hypertext)       . ,
         apropos   whatis . 
      ,  `q'  

    ,   (Internet):     
         (Usenet),  
     <news:comp.os.linux.setup>.     . 
      ,    .

    (...         www.linux.gr ...)




  [1m1.3.  [0m


           :  <...>
     ,   [...] .  :




  $ tar -tf <file.tar> [> redir_file]




   file.tar   ,    (redirection)
   redir_file  .

  RMP  please Read the Man Pages for further information (=
         ).
          
  .  DOSWin   DOS/Windows.

    prompt     #,      
     root.



  [1m2.    [0m


     ,      :




       DOS                     Linux                   Shmeiwseis
       ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

       ATTRIB (+-)attr file    chmod <mode> file       entelws diaforetiko
       BACKUP                  tar -Mcvf device dir/   to idio
       CD dirname\             cd dirname/             sxedon h idia syntaksh
       COPY file1 file2        cp file1 file2          to idio
       DEL file                rm file                 prosoxh - den yparxei undelete
       DELTREE dirname         rm -R dirname/          to idio
       DIR                     ls                      oxi akribws h idia syntaksh
       DIR file /S             find . -name file       entelws diaforetiko
       EDIT file               vi file                 ypopsiazomai oti de 8a sas aresei
                               jstar file              moiazei me to edit toy dos
       EDLIN file              ed file                 ksexaste to
       FORMAT                  fdformat,
                               mount, umount           arketa diaforetikh syntaksh
       HELP command            man command,            idia logikh
                               info command
       MD dirname              mkdir dirname/          sxedon h idia syntaksh
       MORE < file             less file               safws anwtero
       MOVE file1 file2        mv file1 file2          to idio
       NUL                     /dev/null               to idio
       PRINT file              lpr file                to idio
       PRN                     /dev/lp0,
                               /dev/lp1                to idio
       RD dirname              rmdir dirname/          sxedon h idia syntaksh
       REN file1 file2         mv file1 file2          oxi gia pollapla arxeia
       RESTORE                 tar -Mxpvf device       diaforetikh syntaksh
       TYPE file               less file               poly kalytero
       WIN                     startx                  apexei parassagkes!




          ,   
  .




  [1m3.    bash[0m


    :  Linux     
  ,    bash     
  ,      . ' ,
           
  .  <TAB>      .
   ,    



       $ ls /uTABloTABbTAB




     



       $ ls /usr/local/bin




        



       $ ls /uTABloTABiTAB




    bash ,      /usr/local/info 
  /usr/local/include.     
  <TAB>

       <ESC-BACKSPACE>    
    ,   <ESC-D>     ܷ  <ESC-F>
            <ESC-B> 
  ܷ  <CTRL-A>        <CTRL-E>
    .   <ALT>     <ESC>.

    .     ,  
      DOS  ...



  [1m4.    [0m




  [1m4.1.  :  [0m


         Linux    
    DOSWin.        
  ,   ,     
       (switches)  .
  ,      (wildcard),
   (redirection)  piping.    
  :

     DOS,         8.3
     .. NOTENOUG.TXT.  Linux   . 
       Linux     (file
     system)   ext2   umsdos,   
       ( 255 ),    
      :  ,
     Ayto_einai.ena.POLY_makry.onomaarxeioy.   
          : ...

             
     . ,  FILENAME.tar.gz  filename.tar.gz 
       .  ls   ,  LS  
     

       Windows     
        Linux.       
     ( ,    )    
               
      ' . :



       $ # h parakatw entolh ftiaxnei enan katalogo poy legetai "My old files"
       $ mkdir "My old files"
       $ ls
       My old files    bin     tmp





  ,       . ..:
  !*$&#

         .COM  .EXE  
       .BAT    batch.   
         *'     , 
        ls -F .  :



       $ ls -F
       I_am_a_dir/   cindy.jpg    cjpg*   letter_to_Joe    my_1st_script*  old~





    cjpg*  my_1st_script*  , 
   .  DOS,   backup   .BAK,  
  Linux     `~'. ,     
       . :  
  .I.am.a.hidden.file       ls

      (switches)    DOS   
     /switch,   Linux   -switch  --switch. :
      dir /s   ls -R.      DOS,
       PKZIP   ARJ,    UNIX.

        ``   
  DOS  Linux'',        .





  [1m4.2.   [0m


   UNIX         DOS: 
    (symbolic link).      
       ,     
           Windows.
       /usr/X11,   
  /usr/X11R6   /dev/modem,     /dev/ttyS0  
  /dev/ttyS1.

       :



       $ ln -s <arxeio_h_katalogos> <onoma_desmou>




  :



       $ ln -s /usr/doc/g77/DOC g77manual.txt




       g77manual.txt   
  /usr/doc/g77/DOC.         ls :



       $ ls -F
       g77manual.txt@
       $ ls -l
       (diafora_pragmata...)           g77manual.txt -> /usr/doc/g77/DOC






  [1m4.3.    [0m


        DOS    
  (attributes): A (archive, ), H (hidden, ), R (read-only,
    ), and S (system, ).   H   R
     Linux:       ,  
   attribute R,   .

   UNIX     (permissions)   
  (owner),           (group). 
   :



       $ ls -l /bin/ls
       -rwxr-xr-x  1  root  bin  27281 Aug 15 1995 /bin/ls*





          /bin/ls,  
   root,  bin.       
  ,     -rwxr-xr-x    
  :

  -      (- =  , d = , l =
  , )` rwx       
  (owner)  (read=, write=, execute=) r-x
       (group)   (owner) 
      (read=, execute=) (  
     ,        ,
  '    ;-)  r-x      
    (read=, execute=).

    /bin   :   
  ``Directories Permissions''   . '  
       /bin/ls     root: 
     (permission)   .    
    ,   :



       $ chmod <whoXperm> <file>




   who  u (user=,   ), g (group=),
  o (other=), X   +  -, perm  r (read=), w
  (write=), or x (execute=).   
    chmod   :



       $ chmod +x file




         .



       $ chmod go-rw file




          ,  
  .



       $ chmod ugo+rwx file




      (, , )  ,
    .



       # chmod +s file


      setuid  suid ---    
    ,      .  
   suid   root      
  ,   X server.

            
    :  rwxr-xr-x     755 (
      :  ---  0,  --x  1, 
  -w-  2,  -wx  3...).   ,   
      .  root,   
           . RMP.



  [1m4.4.  :  [0m


       DOS     
  Linux.


       ATTRIB:         chmod
       COPY:           cp
       DEL:            rm
       MOVE:           mv
       REN:            mv
       TYPE:           more, less, cat




    (redirection)  plumbing:  < > >> |

   : * ?

  nul:        /dev/null

  prn, lpt1:  /dev/lp0  /dev/lp1; lpr


  [1m4.4.1.  [0m





       DOS                                     Linux
       ---------------------------------------------------------------------

       C:\NIKOS>ATTRIB +R FILE.TXT             $ chmod 400 file.txt
       C:\NIKOS>COPY JOE.TXT JOE.DOC           $ cp joe.txt joe.doc
       C:\NIKOS>COPY *.* TOTAL                 $ cat * > total
       C:\NIKOS>COPY FRACTALS.DOC PRN          $ lpr fractals.doc
       C:\NIKOS>DEL TEMP                       $ rm temp
       C:\NIKOS>DEL *.BAK                      $ rm *~
       C:\NIKOS>MOVE PAPER.TXT TMP\            $ mv paper.txt tmp/
       C:\NIKOS>REN PAPER.TXT PAPER.ASC        $ mv paper.txt paper.asc
       C:\NIKOS>PRINT LETTER.TXT               $ lpr letter.txt
       C:\NIKOS>TYPE LETTER.TXT                $ more letter.txt
       C:\NIKOS>TYPE LETTER.TXT                $ less letter.txt
       C:\NIKOS>TYPE LETTER.TXT > NUL          $ cat letter.txt > /dev/null
               n/a                             $ more *.txt *.asc
               n/a                             $ cat section*.txt | less



  :


     *    Linux:  *     
       ܷ  .*      (  
       `.'    `..': !)  *.*
            `.'     
      p*r  peter  piper  *c*  picked 
     peck

      more,  <SPACE>    
       q  .  less    
         

      UNDELETE, '  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m  
     

        < > >> DOS,  Linux  2>  
        (stderr) ,  2>&1
        stderr  stdout,   1>&2 
       stdout  stderr

     Linux    wildcard:  []. :  [abc]* 
           a, b, c  *[I-N1-3]  
         I, J, K, L, M, N, 1, 2, 3

     lpr <file>     .   
          (print queue)
       lpq       
        lprm

          RENAME  DOS ,  mv
     *.xxx *.yyy   .       REN 
        <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/file>

     cp -i  mv -i     
        .



  [1m4.5.   :    (Sessions)[0m


            
     DOS.    ( `` '') 
        the PATH (Section
  ``  (Initialisation) ''),   
  .  :     DOS,  Linux 
          ,  
      PATH. :     prog
   ./prog.

        :



       $ command [-s1 [-s2] ... [-sn]] [par1 [par2] ... [parn]] [< input] [> output]




   -s1, ..., -sn     , par1, ..., parn
      .   
        :


       $ command1 ; command2 ; ... ; commandn




         ,     
    .         
  Linux         ..,
           (' 
   (processes) ).    
    (background)     .
  ,  Linux     :   
       !


         1..6    (virtual
     consoles),  <ALT-F1> ... <ALT-F6>

              
        ,  su - <loginname>. : su -
     root.   ,  ,    
             root.

        ,  exit.  
       (stopped jobs) ( ), 
     .

          ,  
      '&'     :



       $ programma [-diakoptes] [parametroi] [< eisodos] [> eksodos] &
       [1] 123





           (..
  [1] .  ),    PID (Process Identification Number,
         123).

         ,  ps ax.
              
       .

       ()  ,  kill
     <PID>.         
              ...
              
      root.  ,      kill
     -SIGKILL <PID>.

     ,         
       ,       
          .     
            (jobs).

           jobs. , 
              
     PID.

            foreground,
      <CTRL-C> (   ).

            foreground,
      <CTRL-Z> ().

           ,
      bg <%job> (  ).

          foreground,  fg
     <%job>.     foreground    
       ,    fg.

        ,  kill <%job> 
     <job>    1, 2, 3,...

          , 
     ,      
      ,   
  prompt   !        Windows
       ('   ....).



  [1m4.6.      .[0m


           
  remote.machine.edu:



       $ telnet remote.machine.edu




    log in,     .  
        (shell account) 
   .

    X11,      X  
  ,         
  .  remote.machine.edu    
  local.linux.box  Linux .     
  local.linux.box      remote.machine.edu,
    :


      X11,   xterm    
       (terminal emulator)  :



       $ xhost +remote.machine.edu
       $ telnet remote.machine.edu





      log in, :



       remote:$ DISPLAY=local.linux.box:0.0
       remote:$ progname &


  (  DISPLAY...,    : setenv DISPLAY
  local.linux.box:0.0.     .)

  Et voila!  progname    remote.machine.edu  
     .      
     modem,        
   .. ,      :
     Remote X Apps mini-HOWTO  
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/Remote-X-Apps>.



  [1m5.   [0m



  [1m5.1.  :  [0m


         DOSWin   Linux. 
    ,  DOSWin     \  
  Linux  /. ,      \ 
  DOSWin,   /  Linux.   :



       DOS:    C:\PAPERS\GEOLOGY\MID_EOC.TEX
       Linux:  /home/nikos/papers/geology/middle_eocene.tex




   , ..     (parent directory)  .
      (current) directory.    
        cd, rd,  md  . 
           
   (home),       
   ,        
   /home/nikos.



  [1m5.2.   [0m


      .     
  ``  '' ,    (user), 
  (group)   (other).    ,  rx
          w   
       (    
   )      .


   ,         
   /home/nikos/text:



       $ chmod o-rwx /home/nikos/text







  [1m5.3.  :  [0m




       DIR:            ls, find, du
       CD:             cd, pwd
       MD:             mkdir
       RD:             rmdir
       DELTREE:        rm -rf
       MOVE:           mv





  [1m5.3.1.  [0m




       DOS                                     Linux
       ---------------------------------------------------------------------

       C:\NIKOS>DIR                            $ ls
       C:\NIKOS>DIR FILE.TXT                   $ ls file.txt
       C:\NIKOS>DIR *.H *.C                    $ ls *.h *.c
       C:\NIKOS>DIR/P                          $ ls | more
       C:\NIKOS>DIR/A                          $ ls -l
       C:\NIKOS>DIR *.TMP /S                   $ find / -name "*.tmp"
       C:\NIKOS>CD                             $ pwd
               n/a - vlepe simeiwsi            $ cd
               omoiws                          $ cd ~
               omoiws                          $ cd ~/temp
       C:\NIKOS>CD \OTHER                      $ cd /other
       C:\NIKOS>CD ..\TEMP\TRASH               $ cd ../temp/trash
       C:\NIKOS>MD NEWPROGS                    $ mkdir newprogs
       C:\NIKOS>MOVE PROG ..                   $ mv prog ..
       C:\NIKOS>MD \PROGS\TURBO                $ mkdir /progs/turbo
       C:\NIKOS>DELTREE TEMP\TRASH             $ rm -rf temp/trash
       C:\NIKOS>RD NEWPROGS                    $ rmdir newprogs
       C:\NIKOS>RD \PROGS\TURBO                $ rmdir /progs/turbo




  :


        rmdir,       
     .          
        rm -rf    

      ~       
      .   cd  cd ~     
             cd ~/tmp   
      /home/your_home/tmp

     cd - ߻   cd.



  [1m6.  ,   [0m



         :   
  DOS     UNIX  !



  [1m6.1.        DOS.[0m


      Linux    Mtools suite,
          DOS,  
       m: .., mformat, mdir, mdel, mmd, .
        ,  
  .    Mtools   
  /etc/mtools.conf (    )  
       DOS/Win,  CD--ROM,   Zip
  drive.    mformat      
    .  root,    
    : fdformat /dev/fd0H1440.

            
    less a:file.txt!      
       DOS.



  [1m6.2.        UNIX.[0m


   UNIX       . 
      A:  C:     
           
       (mounting).  
    ,       .

           
   '     .   FORMAT
  A:  DOS    ,  Linux   
  .         
     :



       # mkfs -t ext2 -c /dev/fd0H1440




     dos, vfat ()    
    ext2.    ,    
  :



       # mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt




      ,    ext2.
          
  /mnt   A:  B:.  :





  DOS                                     Linux
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------

  C:\NIKOS>DIR A:                         $ ls /mnt
  C:\NIKOS>COPY A:*.*                     $ cp /mnt/* .
  C:\NIKOS>COPY *.ZIP A:                  $ cp *.zip /mnt
  C:\NIKOS>EDIT A:FILE.TXT                $ jstar /mnt/file.txt
  C:\NIKOS>A:                             $ cd /mnt
  A:> _                                   /mnt/$ _




        [4m[24m   
    



       # umount /mnt




  ,     fdformat  mkfs  
        .   
     (drive) B:,   fd0H1440 
  fd0  fd1H1440  fd1    .

             
     ,    
       CD--ROM.     CD--ROM:



       # mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt




            .
            root
         CD--ROM,    
  :


     root,   :



       # mkdir /mnt/floppy ; mkdir /mnt/cdrom
       # chmod 777 /mnt/floppy /mnt/cd*
       # # sigoureuteite oti h syskeyh CD-ROM einai swsth
       # chmod 666 /dev/hdb ; chmod 666 /dev/fd*





       /etc/fstab   :



       /dev/cdrom      /mnt/cdrom  iso9660 ro,user,noauto          0       0
       /dev/fd0        /mnt/floppy vfat    user,noauto             0       0


  ,      DOS   CD--ROM:



       $ mount /mnt/floppy
       $ mount /mnt/cdrom




   /mnt/floppy  /mnt/cdrom      
  .  '        
    '       
  , '   .


       df,     
    ,   du dirname    
        dirname.



  [1m6.3.    (back up)[0m


         ,   
          
  (backup)     ( root):



       # tar -M -cvf /dev/fd0H1440 dir_to_backup/




           
   .    (restore)   , 
        :



       # tar -M -xpvf /dev/fd0H1440






  [1m7.    Windows;[0m


     Windows     X Window System.
     Windows   Mac,  X11   
       ,     
      UNIX.    
  :


      Windows    ,  X11   
        .      
          (window manager,
     w.m.),         : fvwm,
           , fvwm2-95, Afterstep,
     WindowMaker, Enlightenment,   .  w.m. 
        .xinitrc
     w.m.         
       -- Windows:       
     (foreground).        
             (focus). , 
               
       (interactive):    
          ,    
              ߷

            
       .     w.m. :
         .fvwmrc, .fvwm2rc95, .steprc, . 
           /etc/X11/window-
     manager-name/system.window-manager-name

       X11      
      (widget sets)   ,  
      .       
      Athena widgets (  , 2-- look xdvi, xman,
     xcalc)    Motif (netscape),   Tcl/Tk,
     XForms, Qt, Gtk,  .     
              Windows

     , ,    . 
     ,        
       <BACKSPACE>,    , ; 
              Athena,
         widget sets

             
         w.m.   widget set. : 
             ,
             
         

           ,   
      .   w.m.     
            ( )
     ,      .    
        ,   xsetroot  
     xloadimage

          ,  
     .    ,   
             
         (paste).     
      buffers ( )   xclipboard

         drag and drop,  '  
        w.m.  .

    ,     
     .  , ,  
    .

          X11   
         Windows.  Gnome,
  <http://www.gnome.org>  KDE,  <http://www.kde.org>,  !
         Windows  ...



  [1m8.    [0m



  [1m8.1.    [0m


      DOS   AUTOEXEC.BAT  CONFIG.SYS, 
         (initialise)
   ,     ,  PATH 
  FILES,         batch file.
   Linux     ,    
      ,       
  .   :



       ARXEIA                                   SHMEIWSEIS

       /etc/inittab                            mhn to peirazete gia thn wra!
       /etc/rc.d/*                             omoiws




           PATH   
  ,     login    
      login,    :



       ARXEIO                                   SHMEIWSEIS

       /etc/issue                              8etei to mhnyma prin to login
       /etc/motd                              8etei to mhnyma meta to login
       /etc/profile                            8etei thn $PATH kai alles metablhtes, klp.
       /etc/bashrc                             8etei ta aliases, tis leitourgies (functions), klp.
       /home/your_home/.bashrc                 8etei ta proswpika sas aliases kai leitoyrgies
       /home/your_home/.bash_profile   `h
       /home/your_home/.profile                8etei to periballon kai ksekina ta programmata sas




        (   ), 
     login,      .

   ,    .bash_profile:


  ______________________________________________________________________
  echo Environment:
  printenv | less   # equivalent of command SET under DOS
  alias d='ls -l'   # easy to understand what an alias is
  alias up='cd ..'
  echo "I remind you that the path is "$PATH
  echo "Today is `date`"  # use the output of the command 'date'
  echo "Have a good day, "$LOGNAME
  # The following is a "shell function"
  ctgz() # List the contents of a .tar.gz archive.
  {
    for file in $*
    do
      gzip -dc ${file} | tar tf -
    done
  }
  # end of .profile
  ______________________________________________________________________


   $PATH  $LOGNAME,   ,  
  .     , RMP  
    less  bash.

       /etc/profile    
    PROMPT $P$G:



       export PS1="\w\\$ "






  [1m8.2.    [0m


   Linux         . 
         
      .  
  .onoma_programmatosrc    .    
     :


     .inputrc:    bash     key
     bindings (= ;)

     .xinitrc:    startx     X
     Window System

     .fvwmrc:      fvwm.

     .joerc, .jstarrc:      joe;

     .jedrc:      jed;

     .pinerc:     .  pine;

     .Xdefault:      X.

         , RMP.    
      Configuration HOWTO,
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/Config-HOWTO.html>.




  [1m9.   [0m


      (Dialup Networking)    
  Linux,     .   
     PPP,     
      modems.    
   PPP          .

            
  (ISP)      (email fetcher) 
    POP protocol    
        '    .
   ,     
    (MUA = Mail User Agent)   pine, 
  mutt,  elm   .

    Windows    ,  dialer  
        ,  Linux  
   :       .
         
    diald.      
          Linux  
    .   
    Configuration HOWTO.

  ,       (etwork neighborhood):
           Linux 
       Windows NT/9x    
   Windows!    Samba:   
   ,      SMB  Linux.
      <http://samba.anu.edu.au/samba>.



  [1m10.   [0m




  [1m10.1.   :      .bat[0m


     .BAT     
     DOS(   ),   Linux 
     alias (   )  profile
    .bash_profile.     .BAT    ,
         (scripting language)  
    :          QBasic,
    .  ,   while, for, case, if...
  then... else,    :    
    ޻  .

       -     .BAT  DOS -
        ASCII     
  ,            chmod +x
  <scriptfile>.    ,    .

   :        
  vi,          
       .       :
      Matt Welsh      
  .    :


       ,  i     

       ,  <ESC>   x

         vi     ,
       <ESC>   :q!

            ,  <ESC>
       :wq.

          joe  
   jstar.      
     DOSWin editor.  jed  WordStar    IDE
    .      `` 
   ''         .

      bash      
       ! '     
  .          (shell
  script),         :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  #!/bin/sh
  # sample.sh
  # I am a comment
  # don't change the first line, it must be there
  echo "This system is: `uname -a`" # use the output of the command
  echo "My name is $0" # built-in variables
  echo "You gave me the following $# parameters: "$*
  echo "The first parameter is: "$1
  echo -n "What's your name? " ; read your_name
  echo notice the difference: "hi $your_name" # quoting with "
  echo notice the difference: 'hi $your_name' # quoting with '
  DIRS=0 ; FILES=0
  for file in `ls .` ; do
    if [ -d ${file} ] ; then # if file is a directory
      DIRS=`expr $DIRS + 1`  # DIRS = DIRS + 1
    elif [ -f ${file} ] ; then
      FILES=`expr $FILES + 1`
    fi
    case ${file} in
      *.gif|*jpg) echo "${file}: graphic file" ;;
      *.txt|*.tex) echo "${file}: text file" ;;
      *.c|*.f|*.for) echo "${file}: source file" ;;
      *) echo "${file}: generic file" ;;
    esac
  done
  echo "there are ${DIRS} directories and ${FILES} files"
  ls | grep "ZxY--!!!WKW"
  if [ $? != 0 ] ; then # exit code of last command
    echo "ZxY--!!!WKW not found"
  fi
  echo "enough... type 'man bash' if you want more info."
  ______________________________________________________________________





  [1m10.2.    C- [0m


   UNIX,      C,     .
  ' '      ,   Java,
  FORTRAN, Pascal, Lisp, Basic, Perl, .

       C,   
          Turbo C++   
    C  DOS.  Linux,   C  gcc 
            
  DOS- :   IDE,  on-line, 
    (integrated debugger) .   
        ,   
  .      hello.c 
  :


       $ gcc hello.c





          a.out.  
      , :



       $ gcc -o hola hello.c




         ,  
   -l<_>.  ,   
    :



       $ gcc -o mathprog mathprog.c -lm




  (  -l<libname>   gcc    
  /usr/lib/lib<_>.so ,  -lm  
  /usr/lib/libm.so).

    . , ,     
    ,     make. 
       expression parser.   
     parser.c    (#includes)   header,
   parser.h  xy.h.       
  parser.c    ,   calc.c,    
   (#includes)  parser.h. !      
    calc.c;

        Makefile,    
          
   object.   :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  # This is Makefile, used to compile calc.c
  # Press the <TAB> key where indicated!

  calc: calc.o parser.o
  <TAB>gcc -o calc calc.o parser.o -lm
  # calc depends on two object files: calc.o and parser.o

  calc.o: calc.c parser.h
  <TAB>gcc -c calc.c
  # calc.o depends on two source files

  parser.o:  parser.c parser.h xy.h
  <TAB>gcc -c parser.c
  # parser.o depends on three source files

  # end of Makefile.
  ______________________________________________________________________



       Makefile   make  
      ,    calc.mak,
   make -f calc.mak,   RMP!   
         C   
     (man pages),  3  ,

       $ man 3 printf




        (debug)  
  gdb.        : info gdb.

          
       ncurses (  textmode), 
  svgalib ( ).       
     X11 (   ),  
         11. 
   <http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapp6.html>,  '  
   Gtk       Linux.

       IDE,    emacs 
  jed,       (syntax highlighting),
    (indent),  . ,  
   rhide   
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/devel/debuggers/>.   
    Borland IDE     .



  [1m11.    1%[0m


     1%...



  [1m11.1.     tar  gzip[0m


   UNIX       
    (archives)    .  tar
       -   PKZIP  
  Winzip     ,  .  
     :



       $ tar -cvf <onoma_arxeiou.tar> <file> [file...]




     (extract)    :



       $ tar -xpvf <onoma_arxeiou.tar> [file...]




        :



       $ tar -tf <onoma_arxeiou.tar> | less




       compress,    
         ,   
  gzip:



       $ compress <arxeio>
       $ gzip <arxeio>




         .Z ( 
  compress)  .gz (  gzip).     
       .   :



       $ compress -d <arxeio.Z>
       $ gzip -d <arxeio.gz>




  RMP.

      unarj, zip  unzip (  
  PK??ZIP) .    .tar.gz  .tgz (  tar, 
     gzip)     UNIX   
   .ZIP  DOS.       
  .tar.gz:



       $ tar -ztf <arxeio.tar.gz> | less






  [1m11.2.   [0m


  '    :    
    root.     Linux  
   .tar.gz,        
     / .    
         /usr/local   



       # tar -zxf <archive.tar.gz>




        README  INSTALL. 
   ,      ,
        ,  
   make   make install.    (archive)
     configure,   . , 
     gcc  g++.

       (unpack)   / 
      .tgz  Slackware.    
  ,     ,      
   .         
  .

   Debian   Red Hat      ,  .deb
   .rpm .      .
       rpm 



       # rpm -i package.rpm






  [1m11.3.   [0m


  [1m   [22m:  <SHIFT + PAG UP> (  )
        (backscroll)  , 
    video  .

  [1m  [22m:    more  cat  
    (binary file),       
  .      (  )
  (blind type) reset     : echo CTRL-V ESC c
  RETURN.

  [1m [22m:   ,      X,
      (click)       
     xterm        
   (         ) 
   .     xclipboard (  
  ),        .

  [1m  [22m:     gpm,  
     ,       (click
  and drag)          
     .    
   (VC).

  [1m  [22m:     /var/adm/messages 
  /var/log/messages  root          ,
     .    
   dmesg.



  [1m11.4.     [0m


          Linux   
       DOS/Win  
       Linux:
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux>, <ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux>,
   <ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux>.       
   `Linux Applications and Utilities Page
  <http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml>,   
    Linux  <http://www.linux.org>.





  [1m11.5.        [0m


   Linux         DOS/Windows 
  ,    .     
   :


      at       
       ޷

     awk   ,       
          .  ,
      data.dat       ,  
     



       $ awk '$2 ~ "abc" {print $1, "\t", $4}' data.dat





     1  4    data.dat   
      abc

     cron        
     ,     .  man
     5 crontab

     file <_>       
     _  ( ASCII, ,  )

     find (    ``:  '')
             . 
              
         .     find :



       $ find <directory> <ekfrash>





    <ekfrash>     . :



       $ find . -type l -exec ls -l {} \;





            
   .



       $ find / -name "*.old" -ok rm {} \;



           , 
     .



       $ find . -perm +111





        (permission) 111 ().



       $ find . -user root





         root.   
   - RMP

     grep    (text patterns)  . 
     , 


       $ grep -l "geology" *.tex





     *.tex     geology.  
  , zgrep,     gzip. RMP

     [1m  [22m  ,   
        .  ,   ^a[^a-
     m]X{4,}txt$       `a', 
           a-m, 
        `X',    `txt'.  
          , 
      less,    .    
     man grep

     script <_>      
     _      exit.  
     

     sudo        
       root (..     RMP)

     uname -a      

     zcat  zless     piping 
     gzip- ,     . 
     :



       $ zless textfile.gz
       $ zcat textfile.gz | lpr



         : bc, cal, chsh, cmp, cut,
     fmt, head, hexdump, nl, passwd, printf, sort, split, strings, tac,
     tail, tee, touch, uniq, w, wall, wc, whereis, write, xargs, znew.
     RMP.



  [1m11.6.    UNIX  DOS/Windows[0m


   ,       
  UNIX-   DOS/Windows!      
  Djgpp ( <http://www.delorie.com/djgpp>)  DOS,    Cygnus (
  <http://www.cygnus.com>)      Win32.
        GNU   Linux '
           ...

          Linux,   Djgpp.
         (   
  ,      2.02): djdev202.zip, bnu281b.zip,
  bsh1147b.zip, fil316b.zip, find41b.zip, grep22b.zip, gwk303b.zip,
  lss332b.zip, shl112b.zip..    
        
  <news:comp.os.msdos.djgpp>.

  ,    bash  DOSWin   . 
     ,     BOOT.BAT
       ,    
         (   Windows )
     :



       # this is _bashrc

       LS_OPTIONS="-F -s --color=yes"
       alias cp='cp -i'
       alias d='ls -l'
       alias l=less
       alias ls="ls $LS_OPTIONS"
       alias mv='mv -i'
       alias rm='rm -i'
       alias u='cd ..'






       # this is _bprof
       if [ -f ~/_bashrc ]; then
         . ~/_bashrc
       fi
       PS1='\w\$ '
       PS2='> '
       CDPATH="$CDPATH:~"
       # stuff for less(1)
       LESS="-M-Q"                     # makrys dromeas, siwphlos
       LESSEDIT="%E ?lt+%lt. %f"       # dior8wsh prwths grammhs
       VISUAL="jed"                    # syntakths
       LESSCHARSET=latin1              # kalyterh orash tonismenwn grammatwn
       export PS1 PS2 CDPATH LS_OPTIONS LESS LESSEDIT LESSOPEN VISUAL LESSCHARSET




  [1m11.7.      [0m


      .    
  (..  ),  :


    1 ... 8:   (man pages).    groff
     -Tascii -man <.1>

    arj:    arj

    dvi:     eX (. ). 
     xdvi    , dvips       PostScript
     .ps

    gz:    gzip

    info:  info (    man pages).  
      info

    lsm: Linux Software Map file.    ASCII  
        

    ps:  PostScript.        
       gs   ghostview  gv

    rpm:  Red Hat.       
         rpm

    taz, tar.Z: ,   tar   
     compress

    tgz, tar.gz:    tar    gzip

    tex:      TeX,   
     .    tex,   
     

    texi:  texinfo,     TeX   info
      (info).   texinfo

    xbm, xpm, xwd:  

    Z:    compress



  [1m11.8.   [0m


         DOS/Win   Linux,
   '      (end of line problem).
   DOS,      CR/LF ( ASCII 13 +
  ASCII 10),   Linux  LF.      DOS 
    Linux,         M
      Linux  DOS      
     .     
     ,   dos2unix  unix2dos.

          ,
         Windows ( Notepad)  
    DOS ,     
  .


     Word  WordPerfect     ,
     .       
      CTAN      <ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk>.
     word2x    /pub/tex/tools/, 
         /pub/tex/support/.
  ,  word2x   Word 6,    
  Word 97    mswordview (
  <http://www.csn.ul.ie/~caolan/docs/MSWordView.html>)    
  HTML.



  [1m11.9.    [0m


        ,    
  -   (! ,   Microsoft Office.

    StarOffice     .  ,
   ,  ' '   :   
     Microsoft Office. ,     
     Word  Excel files,      
   . :  <http://www.stardivision.com>.  (...:
      ,     StarDivision  
   Sun,     <http://www.sun.com/staroffice>)

       Corel WordPerfect,    
     .    ;  !
  <http://www.corel.com>.



  [1m12.  ,   ![0m


  !         UNIX
        .  '   
          ,   
        Linux .  
             
   ,       .

            Linux  
            - 
     !        
   DOSWin!          3
   4  .



  [1m12.1.  Copyright (  right;)[0m


      ,    HOWTO  Linux
      .   HOWTO  Linux
           ,
  '      copyright    .
        ' ' , 
          .

   ,    ,  
   HOWTO  Linux       
   copyright.   ,      
      HOWTO     
    .       
       
    HOWTO  Linux,     .

   ,         
      .  ' ' ,  
     copyright  HOWTO  Linux   
         HOWTO.

    ,     Tim Bynum,
    HOWTO  Linux    
    <linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu>.



  [1m12.2.   [0m


   From DOS to Linux HOWTO    Guido Gonzato,
  <REMOVE_MEguido@ibogeo.df.unibo.it>. (  REMOVE_ME.)
     Matt Welsh,   Linux Installation and
  Getting Started,  Ian Jackson,   Linux frequently
  asked questions with answers,  Giuseppe Zanetti,  
  Linux,        
      Linus Torvalds   GNU   
   Linux.

  (...:       
  <ntheo@math.auth.gr>. '     HOWTO  
           Linux, 
           , 
     !      
    ,         
  . )

       .     
     ,    
        .     
           
  .

     .   , ,
         .

     Linux   ,

  Guido   =8-)





















