  HELLENIC HOWTO
  Fotis Georgatos <gef@hellug.gr>
   0.991127, 11-27-1999

           Linux 
          .
  This document is part of Hellenic (el) LDP project: http://www.hel-
  lug.gr/gr/howto/howto/pub/html/
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents























































  1. 

     1.1   Hellenic-HOWTO
     1.2   Hellenic-HOWTO
     1.3 
     1.4 
     1.5     .
     1.6 Note to english users & Copyright

  2. 

     2.1  
     2.2  
     2.3 Suse
     2.4 Redhat
     2.5 Slackware
     2.6  

  3.  

     3.1  
        3.1.1 
        3.1.2 Truetype
        3.1.3      fonts;
     3.2  (text mode)
        3.2.1 Greek-console
        3.2.2  2.2  
        3.2.3    
     3.3   (Xwindows)
        3.3.1 GRkbd
        3.3.2 KiKbd
        3.3.3 xgrk
        3.3.4 grISOXKb
     3.4   (Timezone)
        3.4.1 tzHellas
        3.4.2 EET.zic
     3.5 
        3.5.1 Plain text  text    .
        3.5.2 Plain text      .
        3.5.3   PostScript .
           3.5.3.1   Fontmap
           3.5.3.2 Fontmap,  
           3.5.3.3 grpsfilter
     3.6   mount  windows partition;
     3.7     CD  Linux;

  4. 

     4.1 bash
     4.2 csh/tcsh
     4.3 ls
     4.4 more
     4.5 less
     4.6 a2ps
     4.7 genscript
     4.8 vi
     4.9 joe
     4.10 emacs
     4.11 xemacs
     4.12 pine
     4.13 elm
     4.14 metamail
     4.15 telnet
     4.16 rlogin
     4.17 xterm
     4.18 rxvt
     4.19 minicom
     4.20 samba
     4.21 ispell
     4.22 Midnight Commander
     4.23 Staroffice
     4.24 Netscape
        4.24.1 Netscape widgets
        4.24.2 Netscape fonts

  5. National Language Support

     5.1 
     5.2   Locale
        5.2.1     
     5.3   tcsh
     5.4   
     5.5 
        5.5.1    C Library (libc)
        5.5.2    X
        5.5.3        ;-)
     5.6  

  6. Tex/LaTex

     6.1  project BABEL
     6.2    Tex/LaTex
     6.3   Tex/LaTex

  7.    

     7.1 Linux Documentation Project
     7.2 
     7.3    Linux
     7.4 Unix  
     7.5 Unix  
     7.6  
     7.7    Unix
     7.8 Unix  Internet
     7.9     UNIX

  8.  Linux  

     8.1     (Newsgroups)
     8.2 IRC
     8.3 Fidonet
     8.4     Linux
        8.4.1 HELLUG
        8.4.2 PLUG
        8.4.3 TheLUG
     8.5     
     8.6 Internet Sites
        8.6.1 WWW
        8.6.2 FTP
        8.6.3    :-)
     8.7   CD
     8.8     CD

  9. FAQ

     9.1    Linux;
     9.2        Linux;
     9.3         Linux;
     9.4 ;
     9.5  SOFTWARE ;
     9.6    compile  ;
     9.7     SIG11;
     9.8    Unix;
     9.9  

  10.  , character sets

     10.1   
     10.2 737
        10.2.1     737
        10.2.2 737  X-windows
     10.3 928
        10.3.1 Windows-1253
     10.4 Unicode
        10.4.1 Unicode Links
     10.5  
        10.5.1 gr2gr
        10.5.2 grfilter
        10.5.3 greek2lat
        10.5.4 trans120.tar.gz
        10.5.5 gkconv
        10.5.6 recode
     10.6     
     10.7     Internet   ;

  11. TODO

     11.1 sgmlutils
     11.2 groff
     11.3 KDE
     11.4 vim,viH
     11.5 nn
     11.6 tin
     11.7 mtools
     11.8 jove
     11.9 pcal
     11.10 kermit
     11.11 SHMEIWSEIS


  ______________________________________________________________________

  [1m1.  [0m

           
    Linux     
  .        ,  
           
    , :

        console mode  Xwindows,

        ,

     ,

         .

     ``''    .

  [1m,   '         [0m
  [1m           [0m
  [1m.  [22m   '     
  (Debian, Suse, Redhat, OpenLinux ),       
       .



  [1m1.1.    Hellenic-HOWTO[0m

           
  <gef@hellug.gr >         URL:
  http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/linux/docs/HOWTO/

           :

    http://www.hellug.gr/gr/howto/howto/pub/html/Hellenic-HOWTO.html

    http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Hellenic-HOWTO.html

    ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/HOWTO


  [1m1.2.    Hellenic-HOWTO[0m


   HOWTO     :

    Hellenic-HOWTO.html html   928 (  
     windows-1253)

    Hellenic-HOWTO.html  greeklish (   
     )

    Hellenic-HOWTO.sgml      HOWTO,  
        sgml-tools    .


  [1m1.3.  [0m

    /  HOWTO,  
     gef@hellug.gr  subject: HELLENIC-HOWTO.   
      ,  .    
  ,       ,  
          :-)

   :

    0.00       linux-greek-users
     ( 97)

    0.01    HOWTO

    0.1   ,   .

    0.2 / 2.4.3, 3.2., 6, 3.3.3

    0.3  

    0.4 // 3.

    0.5  2.5

    0.6     NLS FAQ

    0.7   SGML     .

    0.8  ""  ""    :-)

    0.9   Netscape, Timezone, 

    0.9p1-4     


    0.9p5,6,7,8    

    0.9905*,06* prefinal versions

  {       ,  ,   
     1.0 } { ,   } {   
   (???)    }


  [1m1.4.  [0m

    credits :-)

     '  <ah@computer.org> ( 
           UNIX  HRI ),  
      .

  , ,    :

      <fadom@ccf.auth.gr> (   National Language
     Support )

      <keramida@hellug.gr> (   Tex/LaTex 
      )

      <koxaras@ceid.upatras.gr> (   Netscape )

      <vrypan@hellug.gr,
     http://members.xoom.com/Vrypan > (   ,
        )

      <tsimbonis@forthnet.gr>,

      <akav@hellug.gr>,

      <spapadim@csd.uch.gr>.

      <gmitsos@duth.gr>.

            :

    linux-danish-howto (Thomas Petersen),

    linux-italian-howto (Marco Gaio Gaiarin)


  [1m1.5.      .[0m

    ...

       HOWTO    ,
         :

      ,   "Linux HOWTO" 
       .  "Linux HOWTO"
       '   , 
      ,     
   ,     . 
      .  '   
          .

    ,  ,   
    "Linux HOWTO"    
    . ,      
             
   .      . 
         Linux
  HOWTO.

   ,        
     . '    
      "Linux HOWTO",   
        .

    ,    Greg Hankins,
    Linux HOWTO  email: gregh@metalab.unc.edu,  
   +1 404 853 9989.

  ,         ,
  : gef@hellug.gr


  [1m1.6.  Note to english users & Copyright[0m

  * This document explains how to setup hellenic (greek) support under
  Linux.  This includes the environment for greek users, as well as
  details on the configuration of applications.  The document is written
  in modern hellenic ISO-8859-7, but you may find a "greeklish" version
  as well.  Hellenic HOWTO is maintained by Fotis Georgatos
  <gef@hellug.gr> *

  Unless otherwise stated, Linux HOWTO documents are copyrighted by
  their respective authors. Linux HOWTO documents may be reproduced and
  distributed in whole or in part, in any medium physical or electronic,
  as long as this copyright notice is retained on all copies. Commercial
  redistribution is allowed and encouraged; however, the author would
  like to be notified of any such distributions.

  All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works incorporating
  any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this copyright notice.
  That is, you may not produce a derivative work from a HOWTO and impose
  additional restrictions on its distribution. Exceptions to these rules
  may be granted under certain conditions; please contact the Linux
  HOWTO coordinator at the address given below.

  In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information through
  as many channels as possible. However, we do wish to retain copyright
  on the HOWTO documents, and would like to be notified of any plans to
  redistribute the HOWTOs.

  If you have questions, please contact Greg Hankins, the Linux HOWTO
  coordinator, at gregh@metalab.unc.edu via email, or at +1 404 853
  9989.




  [1m2.  [0m

  [1mQuickstart [22m  :

          hardware   Hardware-
     HOWTO.

         ``'', ``'', ``'', Debian, OpenLinux.
          (!)   Internet:
     http://www.hellug.gr/gr/whatislinux/download.html.

            , 
     ,  modem,        
     window manager  .

      . .   ``''

       (``'', Staroffice, shells )  
     .


  [1m2.1.   [0m

        ,    
      ,   
  ( 1999).

      , :

    [1mGreek-console [22m  ``'',       
      alt-shift.  rpm -i  greek-console-1.1.0-3.i386.rpm.
             prompt,  
       editor,    chcp 928    
     fonts.

    [1m [22m   ``'',   Xwindows: xfntgr.rpm

    [1mGRkbd [22m  ``'' ( ),    
        Xwindows.  GRkbd-1.2-1.i386.rpm

    [1mXFGreekKBD [22m   (grkbd)     ,
      .       
         grkbd,       
     rpm -i XFGreekKBD-1.2-2.noarch.rpm


  [1m2.2.   [0m


      magaz        
           [1mTex/Latex, Samba, Staroffice,[0m
     [1mXISP, KDE, bash, , NLS [22m.   magaz   
          ,     
     .

             
       ,      HOWTO  FAQ
     (/usr/doc/faq)  LDP project.

           .  
            .  
          http://lists.hellug.gr/archives.

      ,      
          linux-greek-users,  newsgroups  
      IRC channels.       ,  
           .

      newsgroups comp.os.linux*   , 
     news://comp.os.linux.misc

    [1m   email  [22m,    
       .       newsgroup,
             .  ,
        mailbox,      :

     me lene Xxxxx spoudazo yyyyyyy kai arxisa na asxoloumai me to linux.
     Tha ithela na mou peis pou mporo na bro to programma.
     oti theleis na mou to steileis sto zzz@zzzzzzzzzz.zz


     email,    HOWTO   FAQ  
  ,    .     
  : Tinamhnkanete.html


  [1m2.3.  Suse[0m


         1Gb      Suse,
               ( 
           40Mb).

            1 CD.

             
     ,   ,     .

           ,  
            [1mYast[22m,   
          administration,    
      UNIX.

     ,  , , scanner, modem  
      yast.

        ,   sax,   
      .

           KDE (    yast 
         ),      Internet  
     kppp,   dialup .

     suse    [1mapplixware office suite[22m,   
       office  windows.    
      [1mstaroffice[22m,          
        stardivision, http://www.stardivision.com.

     Netscape, nedit, x11amp    .

       Suse     NLS "gr_GR"
       "el_GR"    .    
       "ln -s el_GR gr_GR".

          Suse    magaz,
     http://magaz.hellug.gr/05/03_suse.html,   
      (    ,   
     1998-99,   8bit clean     NLS).
              .


  [1m2.4.  Redhat[0m

      Suse   ,    
  .   review   distribution   magaz,
  http://magaz.hellug.gr/01/06_redhatinst.html   
             
  http://magaz.hellug.gr/13/03_grredhat2.html.


  [1m2.5.  Slackware[0m


        [1mSlackware[22m:

           (  1 partition
     512Mb )
        FTP site (. ``'')     CDROM
     (. ``''),   .    Slackware 3.6, 
      Developer's Resource  Infomagic   .

      Boot   Root  {5 }

      .    ,    
      Typical Installation.    Lilo   
     reboot.  {30 }

          Linux,   , 
     root (  password) {2 }

      root password    passwd

        ,     
   :


       /usr/src/linux,     
      .  {10+20 }

          Lilo,    
      {5 }

      script XF86config,     /etc/XF86config.
       Xwindows ( X -probeonly, startx)

        Internet  dial-up,   
      Netscape Communicator  browser, mailer, news reader. 
         :
     ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/www/Netscape/    .

    XISP     Internet .     
      ( ).


  [1m2.6.   [0m


           euro (  
     latin0=iso8859-15)   ftp://ftp.freshmeat.net/pub/euro-
     patch/EURO-1.4.tgz

       .     
      ,      Ghostscript. 
       a2ps.

          Word processors,
     , .        
       Nedit.

            FAQs  HOWTOs (
      )

        Norton Commander   DOS, 
            Midnight Commander.

          DOS,  
       emulator DOSEMU  Linux,    
            DOS,  
     Linux.          DOS  
     X         .

       Windows     Wabi  
     Sun,       
     Office.  Wabi   200$,  ...   
     Wine,        
     .

     window manager   KDE: http://www.kde.org/



  [1m3.   [0m

        , 
   :        
  ()  ,       
       .    
   ,       
         .

            
     737   928  (=ISO-8859-7  Latin-7).
          
     .

          :
  ``''


  [1m3.1.   [0m

     Tex,  ``''


  [1m3.1.1.  [0m

    [1m [22m      
    -Windows    (PUBLIC DOMAIN)
   ,      / , 
       ,   
    ,       
  public domain.     , 
  http://hq.hellug.gr/~graphis/

           
       :

    X11-Greek-Fonts (P. Christias, 1994),

    X11greek (P. Christias, 1996)

    greekXfonts-misc,  (A. Haritsis, 1995)

    hrgrXfonts-75dpi, (Th. Prwtopapas & A. Haritsis @ HRI, 1995-6 )

    hrgrXfonts-100dpi, (Th. Prwtopapas & A. Haritsis @ HRI, 1995-6 )

    greekXfonts-BDF-1.1,  ( A. Haritsis, 1995-6)

    greekXfonts-Type-1.1, ( A. Haritsis, 1995-6)

    XgreekFonts (Moraitakis Konstantinos, 1997)

    XFGreekFNTS (Panagiotis Vrionis, 1998?)

    elot7x14 + elot7x14B (A. Kavarnos, 1997)

    helv_R_O_10gr+helv_R_08gr+lutB_12_14gr (P. Bouras, 1998-9)

  =====================================================================
   Shmeiwseis apo Aggelo Xaritsi [ah@computer.org]:
   * ta Type1 (k.a.) 928 fonts moy exoyn to A tonoymeno se 2 theseis wste na
     einai symbata me windows texts. Epishs exoyn kai ta symbola poy leipoyn.
   * to kbd support gia ellhnika sto rxvt (poy exw kanei contribute) exei
     yposthriksh gia anw teleia kai ellhnika omoiwmatika kathws epishs
     kai grammata me tono/dialytika. Ola ayta prepei na perasoyn
     se X11 xkb-style (ala grISOXKb).

  * X11greek:
  Den iksera oti den bgainei h payla! An typwseis to PS bgainei
  kanonika. Ara mallon einai bug toy X Type1 rasteriser.
  BTW, exw kanei ki ena aplo filtro (grpsfilter) poy epitrepei printing
  greek texts mesa apo Netscape. Des parakatw!
  H lysh poy allazei ola ta ksena fonts se ellhnika den einai swsth.

  To greekXfonts-full-1.1.tgz egine me skopo:
  * na mazepsei ta pio kala greek fonts poy yphrxan sto diktyo
    Exei ta grtex/grtt kai polla alla: grfixed, couriergr, helveticagr.
    Akoma fonts kai se 737 encodings.
  * na xrhsimopoihsei "swsta" (XLFD) kai omoiogenh font names
  * na prosferei Type1 scalable fonts ypshlhs poiothtas (ta opoia
    prosferontai kai xwrista) - grinet
  * na doyleyei trasnsparently me Netscape
  =====================================================================




  [1m3.1.2.  Truetype[0m

          [1mTruetype[0m
  ,   true-type font engine  , 
         Windows/Mac.  
  http://www.freetype.org/     true type 
   magaz http://magaz.hellug.gr/10/05_TTFlinux.html.


  [1m3.1.3.       fonts;[0m

   fonts, bitmap (. PCF/BDF)  Scalable (.. Type1, TTF) ;

       (xmbdfed  , xfedor   )
       ().     
   Fontographer  Icarus    alpha .   
             METAFONT
    .

        :
  http://members.iworld.net/bumchul/xfont.html     
   -          fonts 
   -  :   ttftobdf.   
  bdftopcf.

       :
  http://user.online.be/gd33771/download.html    ttf fonts
  (.         xterm)


  [1m3.2.   (text mode)[0m

          .
  :



  #setfont iso07.f16
  #loadkeys gr


      ,      ,
     ALT-SHIFT.

  ' :  SHELL (bash, tcsh)   , .
     EDITOR,  JOE,VI.


  [1m3.2.1.  Greek-console[0m

        greek-console  
  .   737  928,     
   rpm.     "chcp 737"  "chcp 928" 
  ()  () ALT-SHIFT.     ALT
     .



  [1m3.2.2.   2.2  [0m

      2.2.x (    2.3.x),    
       text mode  (   framebuffer)
           
   (   ).      
  ,    /etc/profile  :

  [ -t 1 ] && printf "\033(K"



  [1m3.2.3.     [0m

         greek-2.0.tar.gz  
    (akav@hellug.gr)  grpty,    
  solaris.


  [1m3.3.    (Xwindows)[0m

             XWindows
   Linux   (      ,   xmodmap 
    HRI):  GRkbd (  ) ,  grISOXKb (
    )   kikbd (  KDE).


  [1m3.3.1.  GRkbd[0m

             
        ,     
  windows-3.x.            Linux
        metalab  source    greek12.tgz 
     binary.   tgz    ,  
  README,         /usr/local/bin.
             
  ,      ALT-SHIFT,    
    .    README.


  [1m3.3.2.  KiKbd[0m

   KiKbd    Alexander Budnik     
          KDE
  ().     KDE=1.1.1  Qt=1.42 ( 
  1.44).


  [1m3.3.3.  xgrk[0m

  ,           :
  http://www.softlab.ece.ntua.gr/~sivann/xgrk/   , 
       UNIX  .


  [1m3.3.4.  grISOXKb[0m

      grISOXKb (1997)    
      .    grISOXKb 
     GRKbd (    - 
  ... )  grXiso.   version    "". 
     :

       shared object binaries   X11R6.1 (XFree86
     v3.2)  X11R6.3 (XFree86 v3.3  v3.3.1), 

        X11 clients     
        compose  input extension.

       README  ,   
     docs/INSTALLATION.*:
     ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/grISOXKb-1.2.tar.gz


  =====================================================================
  Apo [ah@computer.org]
  Ta tonoymena (; + letter) de moy bgainoyn se shells (ok se xedit).
  Den exw akomh brei giati.
  To package einai ontws poly kalh prospatheia. Einai akoma ateles.
  Leipoyn: tonoymena+dialytika, anw teleia, ellhnika omoiwmatika
  (BTW, ola yposthrizontai sto rxvt compiled me greek support).
  Epishs: ypothetei oti to keyboard einai ellhniko. Yparxoyn polla kbds
  (opws ta UK, IT klp) poy exoyn polla symbols se theseis diaforetikes
  apo to ellhniko (eg. @, ", \ klp). Exw hdh kanei patch sto grISOXKb
  gia to UK keyboard kai kalo einai na mporei kaneis me COUNTRY-X
  keyboard na mporei na kanei type ellhnika xwris na allazoyn oi theseis
  allwn symbols.

  Mazi me fix twn parapanw to XKB X11 greek support tha einai sxedon teleio.
  Ksereis an kai poy exei documentation gia XKB kai compose files.
  Kapoios prepei na to teleiwsei. Doyleyei kaneis twra se ayto ?
  =====================================================================




  [1m3.4.    (Timezone)[0m

          (Eastern
  European Timezone,EET),       Greenwich  2
   (GMT+2),    .     
   ,     +0300 (EET DST),  DST 
  Daylight Saving Time.       ,
    Europe/Athens.   1996    
       ( ,  
  ).     Linux   1996   ' 
   ,    .    
      .



  [1m3.4.1.  tzHellas[0m


  Dhmhtrhs Bouras: Me to paron 0a h0ela na anakoinwsw ena mini-paketo
  pou parexei ena dior0wmeno arxeio gia to Ellhniko timezone, meta tis
  allages pou perisy kai fetos (1996) anakoinw0hkan gia tis hmeromhnies
  allaghs ths "kalokairinhs" wras. Mazi me auto yparxei kai ena mikro
  programmataki pou diabazei tetoia arxeia kai typwnei tis plhrofories
  pou periexoun se an0rwpina-anagnwsimh morfh (pws leme "human-readable
  form" - h metafrash twn agglikwn orwn dinei kai pairnei, etsi gia na
  anatrixiazoun merikoi-merikoi :) :)).

  To paketaki (molis 4365 bytes) 0a to breite (entos oligou) sto

  ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/tzHellas-271097.tar.gz

  Katebaste to kai diabaste to README gia perissotera. Bottom line: to
  timezone file "Hellas" pou periexei, parexei swstes hmeromhnies
  allaghs wras (symfwna me thn prosfath epishmh anakoinwsh) gia thn
  Ellada, mexri kai ton Oktwbrio tou 2001, h mexri na mas alla3oune pali
  tis hmeromhnies... :)



  [1m3.4.2.  EET.zic[0m



  =====================================================================
  An 8elei na orisei kaneis timezone environment variable, ayth einai h
  svsth:
          setenv TZ 'EET-2EET DST-3,M3.5.0/3:00:00,M10.5.0/3:00:00'
  vraio e? :-)

  Pio kala bebaia einai na xrhsimopoioyme to svsto zoneinfo arxeio.
  Oi teleytaies ekdoseis toy linux exoyn svsta orismeno
  to EET (allakse to 1996).
  Oi palaioteres allazoyn thn vra to Septembrio, anti toy Oktvbrioy.
  Etsi ftiaxnoyme to parakatv arxeio EET.zic:

  ----- CUT: EET.zic -----
  Rule    E-Eur   1986    max     -       Mar     lastSun 3:00s   1:00    " DST"
  Rule    E-Eur   1986    1995    -       Sep     lastSun 3:00s   0       -
  Rule    E-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun 3:00s   0       -
  Zone    EET             2:00    E-Eur           EET%s
  ----- CUT: END OF EET.zic -----

  Meta:
          zic EET.zic
  (ayto ftiaxnei to /usr/lib/zoneinfo/EET)
          /bin/rm -f /var/lib/zoneinfo/localtime
          ln -s /usr/lib/zoneinfo/localtime /var/lib/zoneinfo/EET
  =====================================================================




  [1m3.5.  [0m

             
       .     
       lpd  lpr      
  Printing-HOWTO    .



  [1m3.5.1.  Plain text  text    .[0m

         plain text  
  ,      .   
        lpr.      
  : .  ``''.      
          , 
     , . ``''.


  [1m3.5.2.  Plain text      .[0m

        ,    
   plain text   PostScript   a2ps (. ``'')   
     Ghostscript.   ,   
  a2psgr.


  [1m3.5.3.    PostScript .[0m

           PostScript, 
  Linux         Ghostscript.
   ghostcript      PostScript  
         ( 
  , X Windows, fax ..).      , "
     ghostscript"     PostScript 
   format          
   lpr file.

           ghostview:

      ghostview ( )    .

        PostScript (type1)
     ,    .      
            directory
     (..   X11R6 tree,      X Windows).

        Fontmap.

            : {???}

  gs -sDEVICE=deskjet -dNOPAUSE -sOutpoutFile=/dev/lp1  tiger.ps


  [1m3.5.3.1.    Fontmap[0m

   Fontmap       ghostscript    
    .     

  /usr/share/ghostscript/3.33/Fontmap


          , 

  find / -name "Fontmap"




   Fontmap     

  /Charter-Roman                  (bchr.pfa)      ;



           Courier-Roman
     bchr.pfa.


            
  .         
      (.. PanosArialBold)    
     (..  PanosArialBold     
  courier italic  !!!).     
         (.. fonts.scale)  
            
   .    

  strings filename.pfb | more



  /FontName /GreekArialBold def


  !         directory
      directory   ghostscript 
   .         
     .   ,


  /GreekArialPlain (/usr/X11/lib/X11/fonts/Type1GR/grkarip.pfb) ;




          (..
  Netscape)        default
  .   ,  Netscape   
  ,       ,   
    Times  Courier.       
         (   
  ).        [1m [22m Fontmap 
          .  
         Fontmap :

  /Times-Roman                    /GreekTimesPlain ;
  /Times-Italic                   /GreekTimesItalic ;
  /Times-Bold                     /GreekTimesBold ;
  /Times-BoldItalic               /GreekBoldItalic ;
  /Courier                        /GreekCourierPlain      ;
  /Courier-Italic                 /GreekCourierItalic ;
  /Courier-Bold                   /GreekCourierBold ;
  /Courier-BoldItalic             /GreekCourierBoldItalic ;


           .


  [1m3.5.3.2.  Fontmap,  [0m

   '         
      Fontmap,    , 
  grpsfilter ( ),        
     netscape     fontmap.






  Ta Fontmap aliases poy proteinw (kanei use ta Type1 fonts moy):
  Pros to telos toy Fontmap:
  ===================cut==here=======================================
  % ------------------------------------------------------
  % Elot greek fonts by Angelo Haritsis <ah@computer.org>
  % ------------------------------------------------------
  /GreekArialPlain                (grkarip.pfb)   ;
  /GreekArialBold                 (grkarib.pfb)   ;
  /GreekArialItalic               (grkarii.pfb)   ;
  /GreekArialBoldItalic           (grkaribi.pfb)  ;
  /Greek-Arial-Plain              /GreekArialPlain ;
  /Greek-Arial-Bold               /GreekArialBold ;
  /Greek-Arial-Italic             /GreekArialItalic ;
  /Greek-Arial-Bold-Italic        /GreekArialBoldItalic ;
  /Greek-Arial-BoldItalic         /GreekArialBoldItalic ;

  /GreekTimesPlain                (grktimp.pfb)   ;
  /GreekTimesBold                 (grktimb.pfb)   ;
  /GreekTimesItalic               (grktimi.pfb)   ;
  /GreekTimesBoldItalic           (grktimbi.pfb)  ;
  /Greek-Times-Plain              /GreekTimesPlain ;
  /Greek-Times-Roman              /GreekTimesPlain ;
  /Greek-Times-Bold               /GreekTimesBold ;
  /Greek-Times-Italic             /GreekTimesItalic ;
  /Greek-Times-Bold-Italic        /GreekTimesBoldItalic ;
  /Greek-Times-BoldItalic         /GreekTimesBoldItalic ;

  /GreekCourierPlain              (grkcurp.pfb)   ;
  /GreekCourierBold               (grkcurb.pfb)   ;
  /GreekCourierItalic             (grkcuri.pfb)   ;
  /GreekCourierBoldItalic         (grkcurbi.pfb)  ;
  /GreekCourier                   /GreekCourierPlain ;
  /Greek-Courier                  /GreekCourierPlain ;
  /Greek-Courier-Plain            /GreekCourierPlain ;
  /Greek-Courier-Bold             /GreekCourierBold ;
  /Greek-Courier-Italic           /GreekCourierItalic ;
  /Greek-Courier-Bold-Italic      /GreekCourierBoldItalic ;
  /Greek-Courier-BoldItalic       /GreekCourierBoldItalic ;

  % Polytoniko Greek fonts
  /GreekPolyTimesPlain            (grkpolp.pfb)   ;
  /GreekPolyTimesItalic           (grkpoli.pfb)   ;
  /Greek-Poly-Times-Plain         /GreekPolyTimesPlain ;
  /Greek-Poly-Times-Italic        /GreekPolyTimesItalic ;
  ===================cut==here=======================================




  [1m3.5.3.3.  grpsfilter[0m
















  Na kai to aplo filtro grpsfilter:
  -----------------------------grpsfilter-----------------------
  #!/bin/sh
  # Filter to print greek from Netscape (may be used in printcap)
  # (c) 1997 Angelo Haritsis <ah@computer.org>
  # NB: You need my postscript greek fonts and proper Fontmap!
  #
  exec sed -e 's/\/Times\(.* findfont\)/\/Greek-Times\1/g' \
      -e 's/\Courier\(.* findfont\)/\Greek-Courier\1/g' \
      -e 's/\/Times-Oblique\(.* findfont\)/Greek-Times-Italic\1/g' \
      -e 's/\/Times-BoldOblique\(.* findfont\)/Greek-Times-BoldItalic\1/g'
  -----------------------------grpsfilter-----------------------

  An ftiakseis enan printer `grps' sto printcap poy pernaei ola ta
  Postscript mesa apo t grpsfilter, tote exeis ellhnikh ektypwsh
  xwris na "xalaseis" to FontMap.

  Profanws to filter doyleyei kai sto cmd line. Apo Netscape print to
  a file: test.ps kai meta:
    grpsfilter <test.ps | ghostview -




  [1m3.6.    mount  windows partition;[0m

         compile    NLS,
  737  iso-8859-7. A      
    Windows      , 
      fstab     mount 
     vfat   default   
  iocharset=iso8859-7.      /etc/fstab 
  windows partition   filenames, :

  /dev/hda1       /Win95  vfat    rw,user,codepage=737,iocharset=iso8859-7        0       0


         mount, :

  mount -tvfat -onoexec,iocharset=iso8859-7 /dev/hda1 /Win95




  [1m3.7.      CD  Linux;[0m

    xcdroast,    format   .
     ISO9660     
      UNIX filesystem    Linux, 
  ext2.  '   UNIX   Rockridge,  
  directories  , - ,  
    (       CD),
  symbolic links, file permissions .   Romeo/Joliet   
  windows,       Rockridge (   
      ),     
    "Rockridge+Joliet",      CD 
    .

  [1m        Linux  [0m
  [1m  CD,        Rockridge.[0m






  [1m4.  [0m

  ,       NLS - -
    "8-bin-clean"       8 bits.

       , : [1mexport LANG=el [22m(bash/sh) 
  [1msetenv LANG el [22m(csh/tcsh).        
   LC_CTYPE  iso_8859_7.       
   /etc/profile   /etc/csh.cshrc    
      /bashrc   /cshrc    bash/sh 
  csh/tcsh  .

     /.Xdefaults   /.Xresources    :

         *basicLocale:   C
         *timeFormat:    C
         *numeric:       C
         *displayLang:   iso_8859_7
         *inputLang:     iso_8859_7




  [1m4.1.  bash[0m

   bash v.1.13+,     /etc/inputrc  
   /.inputrc,       ( ):

            set meta-flag on
            set convert-meta off
            set output-meta on


       sh.


  [1m4.2.  csh/tcsh[0m


      export LANG=el_GR
      export LC_CTYPE=iso-8859-7
      stty cs8 -istrip -parenb (???)

  =====================================================================
       tcsh :
          Put the following in your /etc/csh.cshrc or .tcshrc file

            setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_7
            stty pass8

       Note: If this doesn't work your copy of tcsh was probably not compiled
       with NLS support or possibly it's version 6.03 or lower.

  ftp://tesla.ee.cornell.edu/pub/tcsh.
    (tcsh 6.06.00 13-5-95, options 8b, nls, dl ,al, sm)(???)
  =====================================================================




  [1m4.3.  ls[0m

         ,    
  "ls -N".      alias   /.profile   
   -N  $LS_OPTIONS    :

  export LS_OPTIONS="$LS_OPTIONS -N"




  [1m4.4.  more[0m

    , <lourakis@csd.uch.gr> ""  "more"  
   928 , moreH:
  ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/moreH.tar.gz


  [1m4.5.  less[0m

         less,    
    :

    [1mless -r [22m(raw mode,     )

    [1mset LESSCHARSET="koi8-r" [22m(   )

    [1mset LESSCHARDEF="8bcccbcc18b95.b128."[0m

     [1m NLS[22m, . ``'' (  "" )

       [1mcharset.c  [22m(  ):

     ----- CUT HERE - patch.in -----

     *** charset.c.orig      Thu Aug  7 11:24:42 1997
     --- charset.c   Thu Aug  7 11:25:02 1997
     ***************
     *** 49,54 ****
     --- 49,55 ----
             { "dos",        "8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b."           },
             { "koi8-r",     "8bcccbcc18b95.b128."           },
             { "next",       "8bcccbcc18b95.bb125.bb"        },
     +       { "8859-7",     "8bcccbcc18b95.b128." }, /* By Antonis Kavarnos */
             { NULL }
       };


   :  [1msetenv LESSCHARSET "8859-7"[0m


  [1m4.6.  a2ps[0m

       a2ps v4.0 (ascii to postscript),
    ,     
  <lourakis@csd.uch.gr>     <mouzakis@csd.uch.gr>.
   
  ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/a2ps_v4.0-greek.tar.gz {
  To standard a2ps tha exei syntoma swsth yposthriksh gia ellhnika. }


  [1m4.7.  genscript[0m

    a2ps   [1mGNU enscript[22m,   
           1.6.0
   .     :
  http://www.csd.uch.gr/~lourakis/genscript/





  [1m4.8.  vi[0m

   vi           
    ,  ,  ,   viH (
  vi,     )   vim.


  =====================================================================
  Shmeiwteon oti o vim meta thn ekdosh 4.x exei yposthriksh toy
  langmap flag (prepei na ginei compile me ayto to flag - standard builds
  den to exoyn synithws). To feature ayto, contributed apo ton
  Angelo Haritsis <ah@computer.org>, einai meros toy standard vim
  distribution kai oxi aplws ena palio patch.
  Apo to documentation toy vim (:help langmap):
   langmap(lma):
       This option allows support for keyboards that have a mode for a
       special language.  The idea is that when you are typing text in
  Insert mode your keyboard is switched in the special language mode, you
  get different key codes for the special characters.  When in command
  mode the 'langmap' option takes care of translating these special
  characters to the original meaning of the key.  This means you don't
  have to change the keyboard mode to be able to execute normal mode commands.
  Exei kai to katallhlo setting gia ellhnika sto documentation.
  Nomizw oti einai xrhsimo gia vi users...

  ++ Isws ena linux .rpm (properly built) tha htan xrhsimo.
  =====================================================================




  [1m4.9.  joe[0m

   joe     8bit support, 
   joe -asis,     -asis 
  usr/(local/)/lib/joerc.


  [1m4.10.  emacs[0m

   Emacs 19+        .  '
           
   [4m[24m   Emacs.

       greek-mode.el,     
   <sarantos@csd.uch.edu>.    , 
        :
  http://www.ics.forth.gr/~sarantos/EMACS+GREEK   
  .            
     Hellenic Resources Institute (HRI)   
      UNIX.















  =====================================================================
       emacs :
          In version 19.26 or later of GNU emacs you can simply  set the
          environment variable LC_CTYPE to iso_8859_7 like you do for tcsh
          and elm. If you use an older version put the following in your
          /usr/lib/emacs/site-lisp/default.el file:

            (standard-display-european t)

            (set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode))
                    (nth 1 (current-input-mode))
                    0)

       Dead key functionality should work under GNU emacs provided you use
       GNU emacs v19.30 or higher and XFree86 v3.1.2 or higher, so don't
       start researching available elisp packages implementing "electric
       keys" or anything like that. If you want to implement European
       keyboard conventions in emacs without upgrading the best choice is
       probably the remap package available from the AUC FTP server (see
       section ``References and FTP sites''.)
  =====================================================================




  [1m4.11.  xemacs[0m

      xemacs    kikbd (
  ),       .xemacs-options:

  (global-set-key 'Dacute_accent '"")
  (global-set-key 'Ddiaeresis '"")




  [1m4.12.  pine[0m

   pine         "alternative
  editor"  joe   viH.    928,   setup,
  configure    character-set= ISO-8859-7   
    ( pico   8bit input).


  [1m4.13.  elm[0m


  http://www.cs.columbia.edu/ akonstan/en/greek/elm-greek.txt

  elm: Set the following environment variables

            LANG=C
            LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_7


  Some versions of elm require that you put the following definitions in
  your  /.elm/elmrc/ file:

            charset = iso-8859-7
            displaycharset = iso-8859-7
            textencoding = 8bit



  Kai to palio-kalo elm yposthrizei ellhnika, me ton katallhlo editor.
  Epishs yparxei mia nekranasthmenh ekdosh poy yposthrizei kai alla
  kaloydia, to elm-me: ftp://ftp.ozone.fmi.fi/KEH

  { - elm 2.4PL5,  - OXI PANTA TOYLAXISTON (???) }


  [1m4.14.  metamail[0m

  To configure the metamail package for ISO 8859-7 input/output, set the
  MM_CHARSET environment variable with "setenv MM_CHARSET ISO-8859-7".
  Also, set the MM_AUXCHARSETS variable with "setenv MM_AUXCHARSETS
  iso-8859-7" (???)


  [1m4.15.  telnet[0m

   telnet      .   ,  
       /.telnetrc:

            set binary true




  [1m4.16.  rlogin[0m

       rlogin, : "rlogin -8"  "rlogin
  -L".


  [1m4.17.  xterm[0m

    : (   )

  xterm -f sc-elot16


         /.Xresources,  
   (  )      font  , 
  xterm*font:     -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicon-
  densed--0-0-75-75-c-0-iso8859-7


  [1m4.18.  rxvt[0m

   rxvt           
    

  1.    11, . ``''

  2.     ,     8-bit
     mode      bit      
     .        rxvt  
     :


       % rxvt -8 -meta 8thbit -font GREEKFONT ...




        [1m [22m , 
     rxvt .




  =====================================================================
  To rxvt (xterm clone that uses less memory and runs slightly faster)
  exei standard support gia full ellhniko keyboard (928 kai 437) poy exw balei
  edw kai poly kairo.  Download the latest source kai compile me
  #define GREEK_SUPPORT
  sto feature.h

  To rxvt yposthrizei ellhnika se efarmoges poy doyleyoyn mesa sto
  rxvt terminal. Yposthrizei full set ellhnikwn (including:
  tono-dialytika, anw teleia, ellhnika omoiwmatika).
  Epitrepei kaneis na kanei type taytoxrona se 928 kai 437 se 2 katallhla
  diaforetika rxvt windows.
  Read file README.greek gia leptomereies.

  H swsth lysh gia X11 bebaia einai ena complete XKB package poy tha
  yposthrizei to plhres set ellhnikwn. Mexri tote to rxvt einai akoma
  xrhsimo (epishs gia 737 taytoxrona me 928 keyboard).

  ++ Isws ena linux .rpm (properly built) tha htan xrhsimo.
  =====================================================================




  [1m4.19.  minicom[0m

   minicom      modem,  
   Telix.      737,   
     BBS     DOS (  
    ):
  ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/minicom-1.75-elf.tar.gz
   : <roryt@hellug.gr>


  {
  Fantazomai minicom mesa se rxvt me 737 font kai encoding tha doylepsei
  kanonika xwris tropopoihsh tou idioy toy programmatos (arkei na einai
  8-bit clean).
  }




  [1m4.20.  samba[0m

  To Samba    (>=1.9.17 ?)   
       .  1.9.18p, 
    ,  
  /usr/doc/packages/samba/examples/validchars    
     .

      ,    [global] 
  /etc/smb.conf,     "valid chars     = 0xa0 0xa1
  0xa2 ... "


  [1m4.21.  ispell[0m

     <kavaklis@hellug.gr>    ispell,
     928 .       
  .  FTP site :
  ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/ispellH.tar.gz 
   ispell   aspell.



  =====================================================================
  ftp://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/pub/ispell/languages/ (???)

       ispell - Spell checking in Danish:
          First make sure you install version 3.1 instead of version 4.0
          of ispell.  The latter is obsolete and multiply brain-damaged.
          You can download the sources for ispell at the GNU archive at
          prep.ai.mit.edu, and you can get a Danish dictionary via FTP
          from ftp.iesd.auc.dk in /pub/packages/dkispell/. Follow the
          compilation instructions and you should have no trouble (One
          caveat: When defining the variables necessary for compilation
          you should slightly confusingly tell ispell that Linux is a Sys
          V type OS by defining the variable USG.)
          When you have installed the Danish dictionary for ispell you
          can check the spelling of a Danish language file by executing
          the command:

          ispell -d danish -T latin1 -w "??????" <your_danish_text_file>

          (Note for non-Danish readers: You can find dictionaries for most
          Western languages by reading the file Where included with the
          sources for ispell.)
  =====================================================================




  [1m4.22.  Midnight Commander[0m

          mc
      Options -> Display bits -> Full 8 bits
  output.          
     mc,       
   Full 8 bits input. [ N.Christou@S.andB.gr ]


  [1m4.23.  Staroffice[0m

   office suite   StarOffice 5.1.

          StarOffice-and-
  Greek.


  [1m4.24.  Netscape[0m

  T Netscape 3.x & 4.x   ()  .
    ,      Configuration  X
  windows   ""  .    
        3     
     netscape.

       encoding/fonts

       resources  Netscape

     "" aliases    iso8859-1 (,
     iso8859-1)  Windows-1253      
      ( netscape       
     iso8859-1 ).   windows-1253
         web masters  
         .html : charset=windows-1253

   :


       netscape,    view->encoding 
      "Greek (ISO-8859-7)"        "Set Default
     Encoding".     Edit->Preferences, Appearence->Fonts
        "For the encoding"  "Greek (ISO-8859-7)" 
      2 lists       fonts ( helvetica
     !).  click  .

     directory  netscape    Netscape.ad.  
     Resources.     netscape    
      /usr/local/netscape,    "root"   
         netscape 4.03. ( 
       fonts -greek-helvetica).


     cd /usr/X11/lib/X11/app-defaults
     \rm -f Netscape
     grep -v 'fontList:' /usr/local/netscape/Netscape.ad >/tmp/Netscape
     echo "*fontList: \
          -greek-helvetica-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-7" \
          >>/tmp/Netscape
     grep -v '^*defaultCharset:' /tmp/Netscape >Netscape
     echo '*defaultCharset:       iso-8859-7' >>Netscape
     chmod 644 Netscape
     \rm -f /tmp/Netscape



     root,  directory       fonts
       aliases  :

     cd /usr/X11/lib/X11/fonts/greek
     mkfontdir
     awk '{printf "%s %s\n", $2, $2}' fonts.dir |sed -e \
      's/iso8859-7/iso8859-1/' >>fonts.alias
     awk '{printf "%s %s\n", $2, $2}' fonts.dir |sed -e \
      's/iso8859-7/windows-1253/' >>fonts.alias



      X   
     edit->preferences->Appearance->fonts  fonts   charset
     'windows-1253'  'iso8859-1'. (  fonts   western
     charset iso8859-1!!!!).

      : http://www.ntua.gr/help.html


  [1m4.24.1.  Netscape widgets[0m

  lazaros sotiriadis:

  A epishs gia na vlepete ellinika se ola ta widgets prepei na dosete ti sosti gramatoseira sto
  Netscape.ad i se arxeio pou tha kanete xrdb -merge i sto .Xdefaults tis exhs 4 seires :

  *fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*
  *XmTextField.fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*
  *XmText.fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*
  *XmList*fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*

  Etsi tha blepete ellinika se Ola ta widgets se oles tis selides asxetos
  an exoun sto source tous charset=windows-1253 kai akoma tha vlepete
  ellinika sta bookmarks kai tha grafete fisika se ola ta widgets (p.x http://...)




  [1m4.24.2.  Netscape fonts[0m


  Shmeiwteon  to greekXfonts-full-1.1.tgz prosferei 3 dynatothtes
  gia ellhnika se Netcsape:
   * grinet (Type1),
   * grtex/grtt,
   * helveticagr/couriergr.
  Ta Type1 einai to kalytero option (logw oti einai scalable) alla
  dystyxws se XFree86 de fainontai toso kala logw kakoy Type1 rasteriser twn XFree.
  Se alla unix/X exw anafores oti fainontai poly kalytera.

  Polla sites exoyn dymanic font information gia ta keimena opote to Netscape
  aytomatws tha dialseksei to katallhlo font. Ayth h praktikh synistatai
  se webmasters ellhnikwn keimenwn.




  [1m5.  National Language Support[0m

  To National Language Support ( NLS)   
       UNIX,      
           
     .

   NLS    GNU tools,     
     (Command Line Interface - CLI,  
   prompt),       
  ( KDE).         
  ,     LANG="el_GR".    1998 
      el_GR (    ISO ),
            .

      NLS      ,  
  Greek-nls-HOWTO       magaz:
  http://magaz.hellug.gr/09/04_nls.html.

  :         ,  
     NLS      linux,   
     (,       gr_GR, 
  el_GR).


  [1m5.1.  [0m

           C  
    . ..

   ttyp3:~#ldconfig -v | grep libc.so
   libc.so.4 => libc.so.4.7.2
   libc.so.6 => libc-2.0.4.so
   libc.so.5 => libc.so.5.4.33


   5  libc      , 
    locale .  (       
   4  5)

  1. libc 4 ??? (a.out)

  2. libc 5.0.9-5.3.12

  3. libc 5.4.x


  4. glibc 1.x ??? ( libc 5    Linux)

  5. glibc 2.x.x (libc 6)


  [1m5.2.    Locale[0m

      (localedata),  compiler localedef
      locale.

          ( )

     1.      

                 ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/locales/gr_GR              (2679 bytes)
                 ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/charmaps/ISO_8859-7:1987   (19768 bytes)
                 ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/locales/en_DK              (101080 bytes)




     2.  ,   ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ ...
        /sources/admin/wg15-locale_2.orig.tar.gz (   CDROM 
         debian)   

                  locales/gr_GR
                  locales/en_DK
                  charmaps/ISO_8859-7,1987



     (     libc 5.4.x)

     3.          
         glibc 2.0.5      glibc-
        localedata-2.0.5   debian (ftp.debian.org), redhat
        (ftp.redhat.com)   mirrors  gnu   
        gr_GR,en_DK,ISO-8859-7


     localedef  locale       
      libc 5  glibc 2.    binary   
     debian  redhat   tar.gz   gnu    
           libc   (locale-5.x.y  
     libc 5.x.y   glibc-localedata-2.x.y   glibc-2.x.y)

        gr_GR   
  

     >sed -e 's/am_pm "";""/am_pm   "<P*><M*>";"<M*><M*>"/' gr_GR > el_GR


  (           
      X)   

            > tail -n 5 el_GR | grep am_pm
            am_pm  "<P*><M*>";"<M*><M*>"
            t_fmt_ampm ""
            END LC_TIME


    root    




     # mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/locale/el_GR/LC_MESSAGES
     # mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
     # mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/i18n/locales
     # ln -sf /usr/share/i18n/charmaps /usr/share/i18n/charmap


       el_GR, en_DK, ISO-8859-7 (
  ISO_8859-7:1987  ISO_8859-7,1987)

  # cd (    localedata)
  # cp e?_??  /usr/share/i18n/locales
  # cd ../charmaps
  # cp ISO[-_]8859-7* /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
  # cd /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
  # ln -s ISO_8859-7,1987 ISO-8859-7


  ,       binary ,  locale 
  localedef.     :

   > cd ~/src
   > gzip -dc libc-x.y.z.tar.gz | tar xvf -
   > cd libc-x.y.z
   > ./configure
   > make clean; make depend
   > cd locale
   > make programs
   > su -f root -c 'install -m 755 locale localedef /usr/bin'


           . 
  root:

  # cd /usr/share


       libc

  # localedef -ci locale/el_GR -f i18n/charmap/ISO-8859-7 el_GR


       .. libc-5.4.33  libc-2.0.4

  # localedef-2.04   -ci el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el_GR
  # localedef-5.4.33 -ci el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el
  # chmod -cR a+r locale


          /usr/share/locale/el_GR (
   el)

  # ls locale/el_GR
  LC_COLLATE    LC_CTYPE      LC_MESSAGES/  LC_MONETARY   LC_NUMERIC     LC_TIME



   .    csh .. tcsh:

  > setenv LANG el_GR


     sh .. bash, ksh:

  > LANG=el_GR ; export LANG


  :

  > locale
  LANG=el_GR
  LC_CTYPE="el_GR"
  LC_NUMERIC="el_GR"
  LC_TIME="el_GR"
  LC_COLLATE="el_GR"
  LC_MONETARY="el_GR"
  LC_MESSAGES="el_GR"
  LC_ALL=
  > locale -c LC_TIME | head
  LC_TIME
  ;;;;;;
  ;;;;;;
  ;;;;;;;;;;;
  ;;;;;;;;;;;
  ;
  %a %d %b %Y %T %Z
  %d/%m/%Y
  %T


  (    libc  libc)

        (   
  compile    libc)

  > unsetenv LESSCHARSET  unset LESSCHARSET
  > less ---
  > cal
      1997
        
                  1  2
   3  4  5  6  7  8  9
  10 11 12 13 14 15 16
  17 18 19 20 21 22 23
  24 25 26 27 28 29 30
  31


    Netscape 4 ( libc 5.4.x x > 4 )   Mail & Discus-
  sions     Date      31/08/1997  
    .   :-)


  [1m5.2.1.      [0m


        gencat   gettext

  ) [1mgencat [22m        libc ( 
   nls/)   binary .. gencat-x.y.z     
     localedef.     International
  language text (.m)  .

  ) [1mgettext[22m,     libc,    
  mirrors  gnu ..ftp.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/gnu/gettext-0.10.tar.gz
    debian,redhat.  (       
  http://las.ml.org   gettext)     
    GNU {file,sh,text,net}-utils     ..
  (WindowMaker).     
  ftp.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/gnu/ABOUT-NLS,    
    el@li.org        el-
  request@li.org    "subscribe"    .

    ,  , ,     
   tcsh 6.07.02 ( patches  debian)  , , 
  gencat.


  [1m5.3.    tcsh[0m


    [1mtcsh >= 6.07.02[22m.    gencat ( 
  libc, binary  redhat,debian)    tcsh.  

      config_f.h    #undef NLS_CATALOGS 
     #define NLS_CATALOGS       nls/greek/*
      \",\',\  ",',\n .    nls/Makefile 
     GENCAT=gencat   GENCAT=gencat -new -lang ANSIC 

      patch    6.07.02   debian
     (ftp.debian.org/debian/hamm/hamm/source/shells/ )

  , ,   tcsh

   >make
   >make catalogs
   >su -f root -c 'make install'
   >su -f root -c 'install -m 644 tcsh.greek.cat /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh'
   >/bin/tcsh
   >setenv LANG el_GR
   >unsetenv NOREBIND (     )
   >fkjg
   fkjg:    .


        

      /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh   /bin/tcsh

       >ls -l /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
       -rw-r--r--   1 root     root        47443  12 21:27 /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
       >file /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
       /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh: data
       >ls -l /bin/tcsh
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       270476   10:23 /bin/tcsh
       >date
           9 10:38 EET DST 1997



       gencat     libc

      > gencat -V
      localedef (GNU libc) 2.0.4
      Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
      This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
      warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
      Written by Ulrich Drepper.
      > ldd /bin/tcsh
             libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x40003000)
             libncurses.so.4 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4 (0x4000a000)
             libcrypt.so.1 => /lib/libcrypt.so.1 (0x4004a000)
             libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40078000)
             /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00000000)



       

   fkjg: ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^.



  1.   permissions  /usr/share/locale/el_GR

      > ls -l /usr/share/locale/el_GR
      total 96
      drwxr-xr-x   3 root     root         1024  25 20:40 ./
      drwxr-xr-x  68 root     root         2048    6 10:41 ../
      -rw-r--r--   1 root     root        29156  25 20:36 LC_COLLATE
      -rw-r--r--   1 root     root        10428  25 20:36 LC_CTYPE
      drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024  25 20:34 LC_MESSAGES/
      -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           95  25 20:36 LC_MONETARY
      -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           27  25 20:36 LC_NUMERIC
      -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          536  25 20:36 LC_TIME
      -rw-r--r--   1 root     root        47443  12 21:27 tcsh



  2.  compile      localedef

  3.     localedef   libc    

      > localedef -V
      localedef (GNU libc) 2.0.4
      Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
      This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
      warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
      Written by Ulrich Drepper.
      > ldd /bin/tcsh
             libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x40003000)
             libncurses.so.4 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4 (0x4000a000)
             libcrypt.so.1 => /lib/libcrypt.so.1 (0x4004a000)
             libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40078000)
             /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00000000)



  4.        

  5.   libc


  [1m5.4.    [0m

            LANG 
  el_GR.

    X :

     )  /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/locale.alias 
     el_GR.ISO-8859-7        el_GR.ISO8859-7

     )       *titleEncoding:
     ISO8859-7 *iconNameEncoding: ISO8859-7

    LESS:    LESSCHARSET.    locale,  
     libc,   LANG  el_GR    .

        gettext
     (/usr/share/locale/el_GR/LC_MESSAGES/*.mo):  LANGUAGE  el_GR.


    TCL/TK:         
     /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/compose.dir  iso8859-1/Compose      C
      #iso8859-1/Compose      C

    XTERM:     xterm   Xfree86 3.3 ( 
        X11R6.3)    -DI18N.

    SH-UTILS,FILE-UTILS,TEXT-UTILS:    
     glibc 2    .

    SYSLOGD:???????

      :        
     .

                #include <locale.h>
                .....
                setlocale(LC_ALL,"");
                .....
                > --


    ;


  [1m5.5.  [0m

   ;-).

  [1m5.5.1.     C Library (libc)[0m

       LOCALEDEF  GENCAT  A
   LIBC  LIBC       HEADERS
   LIBC         
     .


  [1m5.5.2.     X[0m


  Locale not supported from X library.(  )  
    

        # chmod -cR a+r /usr/share/locale /usr/X11R6/lib/locale


    Xresources     

        >xrdb -query


        C.


  [1m5.5.3.         ;-)[0m

    syslogd     7-bit  
          .. PAM 
          .

          "yes/no" 
   "y"  "n" ""  "" .

         
  iso-8859-7(ELOT-928).     tcsh.



  [1m5.6.   [0m


    Linux Locales Mini HOWTO:
     ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/doc/HOWTO/mini/locales

    NLS repository: http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/contrib/po/

    NLS utilities for Linux: ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/nls

    Public domain locale and charmap sources: ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n

       man pages: locale.5 locale.7 setlocale.2




  [1m6.  Tex/LaTex[0m


   TeX/LateX     (typesetting), 
        75-85.    
       ,  
       (  word  ), 
  ()      
  .

      TeX/LateX,      HOWTO:
  GreekTeXFAQ.         ``''.

   TeX         Donald E.
  Knuth  Stanford University,      
  .    TeX   ,    
           
      :



       $ y = \alpha\,x^2 $




    TeX   \alpha    "".

        ,   TeX  
      math-mode (  mode  TeX  
    )    horizontal-mode  
    .           
    :



       {$\Epsilon$}$\lambda${$\lambda$}$\'\alpha${$\delta$}$\alpha$.




        "".

        project BABEL  TeX-Users-Group,  
   .




  [1m6.1.   project BABEL[0m

   project BABEL       Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-
  Network (CTAN) mirrors.    directory .../tex-archive/babel/
       BABEL  
   .../tex-archive/babel/greek/* .


   project BABEL     , ,  
    " ",   greeklish.  , 
     ""  :



       \GR{}Ella'da\EN{}




          $...$ .

       BABEL      
    ,     :



       




          ,  
  BABEL   !


  [1m6.2.     Tex/LaTex[0m

    (  ),   project 
    GRTeX.   "  GRTeX, 
  ,  1989, ,  . /  ."

  ,  .       /
      TeX/LaTeX.


  [1m6.3.    Tex/LaTex[0m


    http://magaz.hellug.gr/04/05_babel.html 1   magaz 
      TeX/LateX

    http://magaz.hellug.gr/08/07_GreekTeXFAQ.html 2   magaz
      TeX      (  - FAQ)

    ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk:/pub/tex/fonts/greek/    
        CTAN

    ftp://obelix.ee.duth.gr/pub/TeX    TeX  

    http://obelix.ee.duth.gr/eft/     TeX

    http://obelix.ee.duth.gr/eft/Greekinf/    LateX

    http://ctan.unsw.edu.au/tex-archive/help/greek/greek.faq faq 
      LateX,   (4/94)

     [1mCTAN [22m(Comprehensive TeX Archive Netowrk) :

    ftp.tex.ac.uk (128.232.1.87)

    ftp.dante.de (129.206.100.192)

    ftp.cdrom.com/pub/tex/ctan

    ftp.ee.up.ac.za


  [1m7.     [0m



  [1m7.1.  Linux Documentation Project[0m

   Linux Documentation Project (LDP)     
      Linux ,    . 
   HOWTO, FAQ, manual pages, Guides   LDP,  
     metalab (http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/).   
          LDP  :
  http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO.

         (!)  LDP:

    http://linux.forthnet.gr/LDP/, Contact: Sotiris
     Tsimbonis,tsimbonis@forthnet.gr, Updated: DAILY, Location:
     Katerini, Greece

    http://www.ichannel.gr/linux/LDP/, Contact: Dimitris Demiris,
     ddemiris@ichannel.gr, Updated: DAILY, Location: Volos, Greece

    metalab (  sunsite)     :
  http://sunsite.ics.forth.gr/

     linux : ftp://sunsite.ics.forth.gr/sunsite/linux



  [1m7.2.  [0m

    on-line  [1mmagaz [22m  :
  http://magaz.hellug.gr.

   [1mLinux Gazette [22m   on-line    
     : http://www.ssc.com/lg/.  Mirror 
    : http://www.eexi.gr/mirrors/lg/lg_frontpage.html.

            Linux,
    () [1mLinux Journal[22m,     
         /, .


  [1m7.3.     Linux[0m

  [1mMark G. Sobell, A Practical Guide to Linux, Addison-Wesley Pub Co,[0m
  [1mISBN: 0201895498 (*) [22m ,    amazon.com
    : http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201895498/.


  [1mM. Welsh, L. Kaufman, Running Linux[22m, O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN:
  1565921518 (*)

  [1mO. Kirch, Linux Network Administrator's Guide[22m, O'Reilly & Associates,
  Inc.  (*)
  [1mLDP, The Linux Bible [22m3rd Edition, Yggdrasil Computing, Inc.


  [1m7.4.  Unix  [0m

  [1mB.Kernighan, R.Pike, The UNIX programming Environment[22m, 1984, ISBN
  0-13-937681-X   Unix  .  
  .    . (*) (**GR)

  [1mH. Hahn, A Student's Guide to Unix[22m, McGraw Hill, 1993, ISBN:
  0-07-025511-3        Unix.  
              Unix
    Internet.     (*)

  [1mM. Waite, D. Martin e S. Prata, The Waite Group's Unix System V[0m
  [1mPrimer[22m, Sams, 1992, ISBN: 0-672-30194-6    
  Unix/SVR4. (**GR)

  [1mD. Libes, S. Ressler, Life with Unix - A Guide for Everyone[22m, Prentice
  Hall, 1990, ISBN: 0-13-536657-7       
  Unix.   .


  [1m7.5.  Unix  [0m


  [1mM. J. Bach, The design of the Unix operating system[22m, Prentice-Hall
  International, 461 pp, ISBN: 0-13-201757-1     
  ,     Unix  .

  [1mP. Abrahams, B. Larson, Unix for the Impatient[22m, Addison Wesley, 1995,
  ISBN: 0-201-55703-7    Unix,   
  .          ,
    . (*)

  [1mW.R. Stevens, Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment[22m, Addison
  Wesley, 1996, ISBN: 0-201-56317-7      
     Unix. (*)

  [1mW.R. Stevens, UNIX Network Programming[22m, Addison Wesley, 1996, ISBN:
  0-13-90012-X        
  ( Internet, TCP/IP)        . (*)


  [1m7.6.   [0m


  [1mE. Nemeth, G. Snyder, S. Seebass, Unix System Administration Handbook[22m,
  Prentice-Hall, 1995, ISBN: 0-13-933441-6  ,  
   (*)

  [1mD. r, B. Hunter, B. Smith, Unix System V Release 4 Administration[22m,
  Hayden, 1991, ISBN: 0-672-22810-6     
      ,    Unix.

  [1mAEleen Frisch, Essential System Administration 2nd Edition[22m, O'Reilly &
  Associates, 1996, ISBN 15659212755    
          Linux.  (*)


  [1m7.7.     Unix[0m


  [1mS. Garfinkel, G. Spafford, Practical Unix Security and Internet[22m,
  O'Reilly, 1996, ISBN: 0-937175-72-2      
         . (*)
  [1m7.8.  Unix  Internet[0m


  [1mAA.VV., Building a Unix Internet Server[22m, New Riders, ISBN:
  1-56205-494-5  CD     ,  
    Internet Server.

  [1mQue, Running perfect internet site with linux[22m, U. Hoepli ed., 1995,
  ISBN 0789705141


  [1m7.9.      UNIX[0m

         (*),   ,  
  .         (**GR), 
    .      
    (. ``'')


  [1m8.   Linux  [0m

             (.
  98)       ,  
   FTP, news hosts   , IRC channels 
     Internet.       
          www.linux.gr
         Hellug, 
   www.hellug.gr.   - -  magaz 
      : magaz.hellug.gr.


  [1m8.1.      (Newsgroups)[0m

     E   Linux   
  [1mlinux.greek.users[22m,       ,
    ( argeas.argos.hol.gr,  argeas.hellug.gr)  
      ,     
  ,     ,    
   greeklish:

  ayta edv, as poume, einai greeklish.


    list-news gateway  [1mlinux.greek.users [22m :
  news://edessa.topo.auth.gr/local.linux.greek.users  gateway
             
    .   ,    
  .    META FAQ   http://linux.forth-
  net.gr/~stsimb/linux/meta-faq.html.

     [1mlinux-greek-users[22m,    [1mlinux-howto[0m
  (      linux   
      )   [1mhellug [22m( 
    ).

           
  http://lists.hellug.gr/,


  [1m8.2.  IRC[0m

  IRC channel,      ,  
  [1m#linux-gr[22m.      http://www.co.umist.ac.uk/~vp/irc/
          ,  
     linux-greek-users.

  [1m8.3.  Fidonet[0m

   Fidonet,      "gr.unix",  
    postings    Linux.   ,   
   ,   BBS  Fidonet (.
  http://www.fidonet.gr)       
  737  / flames.

     fido-news gateway: news://news.fidonet.gr/fido.gr.unix
   news://edessa.topo.auth.gr/fido.gr.unix


  [1m8.4.      Linux[0m

     HELLUG  de facto     
   Linux.           
    compulink: http://www.compulink.gr/linux/.

         (TheLUG)
     (PLUG).         
     Linux.

        LUG   ,
    : http://www.ntlug.org/archive/lug-
  howto/index.html.


  [1m8.4.1.  HELLUG[0m

        Linux HELLUG   
  ,       
  1998.      Linux  ,    
       .    
      Linux,    
           Linux 
        .

     : http://www.hellug.gr


  [1m8.4.2.  PLUG[0m

   ,    /  ,   PLUG
  (Patras Linux Users Group).
  http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~glavas/linux/


  [1m8.4.3.  TheLUG[0m

   ,   TheLUG,    ....  
   http://hal.csd.auth.gr/thelug/


  [1m8.5.      [0m

  '        , 
       .        
  ,     .

      :

    Lexis,    (, 
      )

     HOWTOs, FAQs   

           KDE, GNOME

       NLS

     ,   .  Suse
         .

       http://server.hellug.gr/LUGistics/el/pub/PRJ_main.php3
       .        
          ,   .

             
        (    ), 
         ,  
         magaz    HOWTO   
       Hellug,       
   .

         ( 8bit patch),
     ,    compiled
     ftp server  Hellug.      
          
       .


  [1m8.6.  Internet Sites[0m


  [1m8.6.1.  WWW[0m


    http://www.linux.gr

    http://www.hellug.gr

    http://magaz.hellug.gr


  [1m8.6.2.  FTP[0m

    [1mFTP site [22m       Linux
  ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/

     Linux :

    FTP.LINUX.GR - /pub/

    NTUA - /pub/linux

    Forthnet - /pub/linux

    Compulink /pub/linux


  [1m8.6.3.     :-)[0m


    http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/    Linux Documentation
     Project,      Linux

    http://www.linux.org/    linux.org.   
           ,   
        .      site.

    http://www.linux.eu.org/    .

    http://www.li.org/    Linux International,  
      ()  

    http://www.linuxnow.com/       
     .  SOFTWARE, HOWTOs, FAQs, .

    http://www.ssc.com/lj/    Linux Journal, 
         Linux

    http://www.ssc.com/lg/    Linux Gazette, 
         Linux

    http://www.linuxmall.com/       
       Linux.

    Yahoo.com->computers->operating_systems->Linux   
        Yahoo   Linux.   .


  [1m8.7.    CD[0m

   Linux        
  ,   "" (distributions),    
            
  :

    [1mSlackware [22m    .   
     (5/99)   3.6,  http://www.slackware.org

    [1mRedhat [22m        
     .        DOS,
       REDHAT.      RPM  
      () .  http://www.redhat.com

    [1mDebian [22m  GNU/Linux     
          GNU. : http://www.debian.org

    [1mHellenic [22m ,   Synaptic Ltd "Software
     Development & Trade".        
      .

    [1mOpenLinux [22m  Caldera,      
      .  
     http://www.calderasystems.com/products/openlinux

    [1mYggdrasil [22m  plug-n-play Linux. :
     http://www.yggdrasil.com

    [1mSuse [22m      .   ,
     , ,  distribution. : http://www.suse.de/e
        6.0      ,
         .

          CD:

    Walnut Creek (http://www.cdrom.com)   Slackware.

    Redhat (http://www.redhat.com)    . 
       6.0

    SuSe (http://www.suse.com)    . 
        6.3 ( 1999)

    Infomagic http://www.infomagic.com   ,  Debian 
        metalab.unc.edu  tsx-11.mit.edu.  
     "Linux Developer's Resource"       6 CD.
  [1m8.8.      CD[0m

   Linux  CD      :

  :

    STEP,   36, 18536, , 4181239,  
     Suse Linux (http://www.step.gr)

     ..,  3, 10682, , 3809821, 3848254
     (http://www.papasotiriou.gr)

     ..,  10, .   ,
     6231854

     ,  37, 10682, , 3829629,
     3841021, 3300104 (http://www.klidarithmos.gr)

    Vertigo ,  6, 10682, , 3824536, 3806801 (+FAX)

  :

    Informatics Services Application,  61, 55131,
     , 031-424512, (http://www.suse.gr)

     ,  9 (http://www.malliaris.gr)

     .., .  40, 243660

  :

     ..,  58,  26221, 061-624918, 061-624917

           .   
            , 
      .


  [1m9.  FAQ[0m


  [1m9.1.     Linux;[0m

   Linux        ,
     1990      Linus Torvalds, 
        386.    
  ...


  [1m9.2.         Linux;[0m

       ,   , 
          
   ,   Linux   .    
  ?.000     6 CD,      , 
             
     .

   Linux    32bit  , 
   (multitasking) .    
  ,       , 
    ""  .   Linux :

          DOS, Win 3.x


     multitasking   Windows 95,

        Windows NT,

          OS/2.

      Linux   Unix,     TCP/IP, 
       Internet.      ,
              proxy. 
     POSIX compliance   TCP/IP & SPX/IPX, SNMP & RIP, NCP,
     SMB.   server        :
     file server, printer server, web server, ftp server, news server,
     mail (pop) server.       Windows
     NT  Novell Netware    clients.   Linux 
        GNU project  Free Software Foundation (FSF).
     To GNU    ,    
            .   
         ,    .  
       CD,      .


  [1m9.3.          Linux;[0m

    ,      , 
  ,  :
  http://basiclinux.hypermart.net/basic/index.html#lessons.


  [1m9.4.  ;[0m

  '   Linux    fileystems   
  (FAT, VFAT, FAT32, NTFS, HPFS, HFS, ISO9660, Rock-Ridge, Joliet, UFS
  ).

     DOSEMU        DOS  
             (vm86).  
            Linux.

     WABI      16bit   WIN3.11,
       199$

     WINE     ,    .
      (1999)    .

     Executor      Macintosh.

               doc
        Office      StarOffice
     5.1,     Word 97 .    
          (txt, dbf, html, rtf),
              , 
     ...


  [1m9.5.   SOFTWARE ;[0m

    ,        
   :         
           .

   metalab   '       
        , 
  http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/

   Linux Software Map (LSM)     .  
        .
  http://www.boutell.com/lsm/

          Bill Latura:
  http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml


  [1m9.6.     compile  ;[0m

   Linux         ,  
     compile.       
     ,       
     ,    
  .         
         .

         compile  ( # 
  ):

  cd /usr/src/linux
  make config      #  make menuconfig  make xconfig,   help.
  make dep
  make clean
  make zImage  #   ,     /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage
  make modules #  modules      
  make modules_install #   modules  /lib
  make install #        /etc/lilo.conf


            ( 
  /vmlinuz),     boot loader LILO.   reboot, 
       ...  (     
    reboot  linux).


  [1m9.7.      SIG11;[0m

   SIG11      (Protection Fault).
             
           - : 
  SIG11         ,
  ,  .    , :
  http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/


  [1m9.8.     Unix;[0m

     Unix      :

    Linux

    GNU Hurd

    FreeBSD

    NetBSD

    OpenBSD

          FreeBSD   ,  
               
         ( ftp.cdrom.com).  '  
         Linux,      .
     ,       Linux  .
           BSD UNIX,  
       .

  [1m9.9.   [0m


     [1mi18n[0m
        I{-- 18 letters --}n = Internationalization

     [1me13n[0m
        Europeanization

     [1ml10n[0m
        Localization

     [1mANSI[0m
        American National Standards Institute, the US member of ISO

     [1mASCII[0m
        American Standard Code of Information Interchange

     [1mCP [22mCode Page

     [1mCP850[0m
        Code Page 850, the most widely used MS DOS code page

     [1mCR [22mCarriage Return

     [1mCTAN server[0m
        Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, the world's largest
        repository for TeX related material. It consists of three sites
        mirrowing each other: ftp.shsu.edu, ftp.tex.ac.uk, ftp.dante.de.
        The current configuration, including known mirrows, can be
        obtained by fingering ctan_us@ftp.shsu.edu

     [1mDEC[0m
        Digital Equipment Corp.

     [1mDIN[0m
        Deutsche Industrie Norm (German Industry Norm)

     [1mDOS[0m
        Disk Operating System

     [1mEBCDIC[0m
        Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ---a proprietary
        IBM character set used on mainframes

     [1mECMA[0m
        European Computer Manufacturer's Association

     [1memacs[0m
        Editing Macros, a family of popular text editors

     [1mEsperanto[0m
        A synthetic, universal language developed by Dr. Zamenhof in
        1887.

     [1mFSF[0m
        Free Software Foundation

     [1mFTP[0m
        File Transmission Protocol

     [1mGNU[0m
        GNU's not Unix, an FSF project

     [1mGPL[0m
        General Public License
     [1mIBM[0m
        International Business Machines Corp.

     [1mIP [22mInternet Protocol

     [1mISO[0m
        International Standards Organization

     [1mKOI8[0m
        ???---a popular encoding for Cyrillic on UNIX workstations

     [1mLaTeX[0m
        A macro package for TeX

     [1mMCS[0m
        DEC's Multilingual Character Set---the ISO 8859--1 draft
        standard

     [1mMIME[0m
        Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension

     [1mOS [22mOperating System

     [1mPOSIX[0m
        Portable Operating System Interface (an IEEE UNIX standard)

     [1mPS [22mPostScript, Adobe's printer language

     [1mRFC[0m
        Request for Comment, an Internet standard

     [1msed[0m
        stream editor, a UNIX file manipulation utility

     [1mTCP[0m
        Transmission Control Protocol

     [1mTeX[0m
        Donald Knuth's typesetting program

     [1mURL[0m
        a WWW Uniform Resource Locator

     [1mUS-ASCII[0m
        the US national variant of ISO 646, see ASCII

     [1mVMS[0m
        Virtual Memory System---DEC's proprietary OS

     [1mWWW[0m
        World Wide Web

     [1mX11[0m
        X Window System



  [1m10.   , character sets[0m

   /        1byte=8bit,
    2^8=256  .    ASCII (American
  Standard Code for Information Interchange)    
   128  (7bit).       
          .
  ,        ' 
   8bit.          
          .

        ,  
    RFC 1947, "Greek Character Encoding for Electronic Mail
  Messages".   
  http://andrew2.andrew.cmu.edu/rfc/rfc1947.html


  [1m10.1.    [0m

        .   
    ,   737   928.    
   .    737    DOS,  
  928    UNIX  Windows (  ).   Linux 
      928.        
   , ,   ,   
   ,        .

      Oracle   Linux    
  server,         
      (    
   /)    ( ;)  :

    EL8ISO8859P7, .  ISO8859-7   UNIX & Internet. 
        928 & Latin7.

    EL8MSWIN1253,  Windows 

    EL8PC737,  DOS 

    EL8MACGREEK,  Macintosh  -823 (IBM 851).

    EL8MACGREEKS

    EL8PC437S

    EEC8EUROPA3

    EL8EBCDIC875, IBM mainframes greek character set

    EL8DEC,     DEC, VAX/VMS . (
     ???)

     ,  OS/2    869  851  
     .


  [1m10.2.  737[0m

   737      437G (=437Greek),  
      437.   737  
   EPROM  MDA  Hercules     PC,
      HARDWARE.     
  DOS,            
   737.    737     DOS, 
         737  928, . ``''.  
  Linux,   737     
  (text-mode),       X-Windows.


  [1m10.2.1.      737[0m

    ,   "" ( ) 
          
    128+ESC (128+27=155=asc("")).   
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/console.c,  :
                && (c != 127 || disp_ctrl)
                && (c != 128+27);
   
                && (c != 127 || disp_ctrl)
                /*      && (c != 128+27)*/;


    compile   .


  [1m10.2.2.  737  X-windows[0m

   737      fixed  
     : ``''.

  [ah@computer.org]'s report for names (from xlsfonts):
  -misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--0-0-75-75-c-0-grpc-737
  -misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--0-0-85-85-m-0-grpc-737
  -misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--14-110-75-75-c-75-grpc-737
  -misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--16-120-75-75-c-75-grpc-737
  -misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--23-179-85-85-m-120-grpc-737
  -misc-grfixed-medium-r-semicondensed--0-0-75-75-c-0-grpc-737
  -misc-grfixed-medium-r-semicondensed--10-100-75-75-c-60-grpc-737
  -misc-grfixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-grpc-737
  -misc-grvga-medium-r-normal--0-0-75-75-c-0-grpc-737
  -misc-grvga-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-c-60-grpc-737
    (nomizw kapoia exoyn bugs kai exw skopo na ta diorthwsw se next release).




  [1m10.3.  928[0m

    928        
      .       
  ISO  ISO-Latin-8859-7,   Latin7,    UNICODE 
     .   928    
    UNIX,  Internet      
    Linux.    928 ,    (text-
  mode),     (X-Windows).


  [1m10.3.1.  Windows-1253[0m

      Windows  (Windows-1253)  
    928,    "", ( )  928 
    Windows   Paragraph mark.   Windows-1253
      ,     <<  >>.
            
    MS-Windows,      wintel
   ,       <   >
     e-mails, postings, .    
    '  ( ' = SHIFT+" )    
    '  '.    ,      
  928: .


  [1m10.4.  Unicode[0m

   UNICODE (ISO 10646)  16bit (. 65536 ) 
    ,     ,  
  offset #370      offset #1F00.  
        ()    !  
  Linux    UNICODE,      
   ,         
  .    : http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Unicode-
  HOWTO.html

































































  ====================================================================
  Vasilis Vasaitis <vas@hal.csd.auth.gr>:
           ,   
        . ,   :

     ,   ,    Unicode fixed font
    X windows.      ,   
      .       
  Unicode,       38000 , 
       //,   
    6x13  fixed  .    2800  (
      )    , ,
  , ,    ,    
   .        
         
       ,  .   
     ,     , :

    http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/

            :

       Unicode    ,    UTF8
  (   ,  UTF8     UniCode 
   ,      128    
      ASCII).          
  VGA         (256,
  512   ).

            X:

           ,   
         . ,     X
  server    TrueType fonts (  font server),
       TrueType   .    , 
  XFree86 4.0      TrueType.  Microsoft
  (    )      Windows
  Glyph List 4 (WGL4),      ISO 10646-1 ( 
         ).

          :

      .        
    / UTF8,  yudit   Netscape   
            Unicode,    
    .          fonts, 
         .

  ---------------

  Report apo Panagioti Vrioni:

  Gnwrizw oti o Giannis Gyftomitros <yang@hellug.gr> exei hdh arxisei
  na asxoleitai me thn dunatothta dhmiourgias Unicode grammatoseirwn
  pou na periexoun kai ta ellhhnika (Project Grafis, bl. GRArial k.l.),
  isws na exei proxwrhsei kai parapera...

  Apo thn ekdosh 6.0, o XFS pou periexetai sto Red Hat exei patch wste
  na mporei na emfanisei Trye Type Fonts. Bl. sxetiko "White Paper" stho
  "support" ths http://www.redhat.com/ . An balete Unicode TTFonts
  (px. ths M$) auta paizoun, me thn ennoia oti fainontai dia8esima
  ta fonts me xilia-duo diaforetika encodings. Den kserw omws an paizoun
  kai san unicode grammatoseira, px. gia na dei kapoios ena keimeno
  me ellhnika, agglika kai kinezika tautoxrona sto Netscape.

  =====================================================================
  [1m10.4.1.  Unicode Links[0m

    fixed   Xwindows,   :
  http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs-fonts.html

     text editor  Unicode,    Yudit,
  ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/editors/X/yudit-1.1.tar.gz

    UTF-8   standard  Internet,   
  RFC: http://andrew2.andrew.cmu.edu/rfc/rfc2279.html

        Unicode :
  http://charts.unicode.org/Unicode.charts/normal/U0370.html


  [1m10.5.   [0m


  [1m10.5.1.  gr2gr[0m

     <ah@computer.org>     :
  ftp://ftp.hri.org/pub/greek/programs/gr2gr.prl   perl (5  4).
          perl
  (unix, dos, win32, os2, mac, vms ...).

     , :

    928:            ELOT 928

    437:            IBM 437 (*default* input)

    lat:            latin greek form, aka greeklish (*default* output)

    437b:           IBM 437b

    win:            Windows

    mac:            Macintosh

    851:            851

    869:            869

    quad:           quadtek

    sym:            standard Symbol font codes (English garbled)

    wgr:            WinGreek (Windows shareware prg) encoding

    troff:    troff symbol font escape sequences, no diacritics
     (dialytika)

    kdtex:          Dryllerakis TeX (only conversions _to_ kdtex work)

    ibytex:         ibygrk TeX (only conversions _to_ ibygrk work)


  [1m10.5.2.  grfilter[0m

        grfilter:
  ftp://ftp.cti.gr/pub/src/grfilter.tar





  [1m10.5.3.  greek2lat[0m

   directory ftp://corfu.forthnet.gr/pub/greek2lat  
    928  greeklish,    WEB sites.


  [1m10.5.4.  trans120.tar.gz[0m

    , < kosta@kostis.net >     
  ,     ,   
  : http://www.kostis.net/freeware/trans120.tar.gz


  [1m10.5.5.  gkconv[0m

        ,  437, Win95,
  X win.     .


  [1m10.5.6.  recode[0m

          GNU project, 
         (
  ).          
     .    
  http://www.delorie.com/gnu/docs/recode/recode_toc.html


  [1m10.6.      [0m


      [1m.txt, .doc[0m
           ,  ``''

      [1m.dbf[0m
          737,    ,   
         guru.

      [1m.diz,[0m
          737,  ``''

      [1m.html,[0m
           928,   .

      [1m.mov, .avi[0m
            ,    :-)

      [1m.exe, .com[0m
         


  [1m10.7.      Internet   ;[0m

   :

     Fortune: http://kronos.eng.auth.gr/~arvan/fortunes/

    Virgo help on greek: http://www.virgo.gr/baza/greek.html

    Hellenic Resources Institute (HRI): http://www.hri.org

    Font   HRI: http://www.hri.org/fonts/unix/pinakec.html

    fonts@argeas: ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/fonts/


    fonts@HRI: ftp://ftp.hri.org/pub/greek/fonts/x-win/

         :
     http://users.hol.gr/~vrypan/cactus/grfonts-1.html

    Unix Greek Language Software (old):
     http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~akonstan/en/greek/software.html

    Unicode Organization: http://www.unicode.org

    I18N FAQ: http://www.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/mike/i18n.html

    ISO fonts: ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit/ISO-fonts

    International fonts: ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit/i18n-
     fonts

    Using 8 bit characters: ftp://ftp.ulg.ac.be/pub/docs/iso8859/

    ISO-8859 sets: http://wwwwbs.cs.tu-berlin.de/~czyborra/charsets/

    Much charactersets info (kermit?):
     ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/charsets/

    http://www.ora.com/homepages/comp.fonts/

             search engine:
     http://www.google.org


  [1m11.  TODO[0m

          
            
       HOWTO.   ,  
   ,    ,    
  .


  [1m11.1.  sgmlutils[0m

  To sgml2html htan ok. A na po oti ekana mia allagh  sthn consola gia
  ta ellhnika (to paketo me to chcp enos apo thn patra) kai ka8e fora
  pou trexo thn perl mou bgazei: perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
  perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings: LC_ALL =
  (unset), LC_CTYPE = "iso_8859_7", LANG = (unset) are supported and
  installed on your system.  perl: warning: Falling back to the standard
  locale ("C").  --------- Prepei na dwseis sgml2txt --charset=latin.
  Panayotis.


  [1m11.2.  groff[0m

           magaz:
  http://magaz.hellug.gr/09/03_groff.html











  =====================================================================
  [...]
  H alln lusn (pio hackeradikn) eivai va kaveis to GROFF sou (to basiko
  ergaleio pou xrnsimopoieitai apo to sgml2txt) va katalabaivei OLOUS
  tous 8-bit characters, pairvovtas to SHAR pou stelvw parakatw kai
  kavovtas oti leei to README tou.
  Giorgos.

  --- cut here : shell archive follows ---
  #!/bin/sh
  [...]
  exit 0
  =====================================================================

  The GNU replacement for nroff, groff, has an option to generate ISO
  8859-1 coded output, instead of plain ASCII.  Thus, you can preview
  nroff documents with correctly displayed accented characters.  Invoke
  groff with the "groff -Tlatin1" option to achieve this.

  Groff is free software. It is available from URL
  <htmlurl url="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu" name="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu">
  and many other GNU archives around the world.




  [1m11.3.  KDE[0m

     <vrypan@hellug.gr>   
    KDE,     Linux/Unix.
   : http://users.hol.gr/~vrypan/cactus/kde.html,  
           KDE  
      ,    
     ,   drag'n'drop,  
  utilities    (copy-paste),   .


  [1m11.4.  vim,viH[0m




























  Den doyleyoyn oloi oi vi 8-bit, oyte deixnoyn ta ellhnika svsta:
  Yparxei enas (toylaxisto) vi clone poy legetai vim (vi improved)

          http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/~guckes/vim/
          ftp://ftp.oce.nl/pub/misc/vim

  Aytos ektos apo alla kaloydia, einai 8-bit clean kai exei kai ena
  language feature, to opoio energopoieitai dior8vnontas to arxeio
          src/feature.h

  Ekei poy leei:
          #if 0
          # define HAVE_LANGMAP
          #endif
  to kanoyme bebaia
          #if 1
          # define HAVE_LANGMAP
          #endif

  Meta bazoyme sto ~/.vimrc to parakatv:
  ----- .vimrc CUT -----
  version 4.6
  set langmap=AAAAA?CEEEEIIII?NOOOOO?OUaaaaa?ceeeeiiii?nooooo?ou;ABGDEZHUIKLMNJOPRWSTYFXCVabgdezhuiklmnjoprwstyfxcv
  ----- END OF .vimrc CUT-----
  kai meta oi entoles poy dinoyme sto vi mporei na einai kai me ellhnika grammata.
  (kserete ti spasimo einai na exeis to plhktrologio gyrismeno sta ellhnika
  kai na mhn dexetai entoles).




  [1m11.5.  nn[0m

  (???)
  =====================================================================
  Add the line ----------------- set data-bits 8 ----------------- to
  your  /.nn/init (or the global configuration file) in order for nn to
  be able to process 8 bit characters
  =====================================================================


  [1m11.6.  tin[0m

  (???)


  [1m11.7.  mtools[0m


          Deixnoyn, ypoti8etai, ellhnikoys xarakthres an baloyme to
  parakatv sto ~/.mtoolsrc h sto /etc/mtools.conf:

          country="30,737,/dosfs/c/win/command/country.sys"

  Mallon 8a yparxei mperdema me ta ellhnika (737 h 928?)
  Den to exv dokimasei.




  [1m11.8.  jove[0m





   new JOVE 4.16 if compiled with CTYPE enabled ( -DUSE_CTYPE
  -UNO_SETLOCALE) kanei mia xara ellhnika. Prepei omvs na exeis
  swsto 8859-7 locale ellhnikvn sto systhma
  Mexri kai svsto Upper kai lower casing kanei ! dokimaste to
  [From: Angelos Karageorgiou <angelos@incredible.com>]




  [1m11.9.  pcal[0m


  {
  Ftiaxnei Postscript calendars se 7 diaforetikes glwsses. To
  internationalisation toy pcal egine apo ton A.Haritsis
   <<htmlurl url="mailto:ah@computer.org" name="ah@computer.org">>
  kai erxetai me sxedon plhres ellhniko eortologio (me kinhtes kai
  akintes eortes aytomata topothetoymenes).
  Ta hmerologia poy paragontai einai highly customisable (mporei kaneis
  eykola na balei proswpikes hmeromhnies).
  Yparxei kai ena WWW front-end sto:
  http://www-asds.doc.ic.ac.uk/cgi-bin/grcal
  Ta latest sources toy pcal einai sto:
  http://uptown.turnpike.net/~rogers/
  }




  [1m11.10.  kermit[0m

  (???)
  =====================================================================
  kermit : This is as close as I can get, but not completely satisfying
  yet: Put the following in your  /.kermrc file

            set terminal bytesize 8
            set command bytesize 8
            set file bytesize 8
            set language danish
            set file character-set latin1-iso
            set transfer character-set latin1-iso
            set terminal character-set latin1-iso


  I think there are more variables to set, but they are hiding. You
  would have to modify these settings if the remote system is DOS or
  OS/2 based.
  =====================================================================


  [1m11.11.  SHMEIWSEIS[0m


  {tty -s}
  ------------
         "language"_"country"."character_encoding"
          el_GR.8859-7

  It looks as if "language" is the two-letter code for the language from
  ISO 639, and "country" is the two-letter code for the country from ISO
  3166, but I don't know of any standard specifying "character_encoding".
  ------------



          ...

































































