   Linux FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions with Answers)
  Georgatos Photis <gef@hellug.gr>
   0.7p1 , 10-1-1997

     (Linux-Hellenic-FAQ)     
        (Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ)
     Linux,   Unix   
  386/486/586/686, Pentium xxx, K5, K6, Alpha, MIPS, 680x0  
  .  :        Hel-
  lenic-HOWTO        Linux, 
          .
  WARNING: This document contains greek (ISO-8859-7).  URL: <http://stu-
  dents.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/linux/docs/FAQ/>
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


















































  1.    

     1.1    Linux
     1.2   (software) ;
     1.3    ;   (hardware) ;
     1.4    (ports)    ;
     1.5       ;
     1.6   Linux   (Copyright);   ;

  2.       ( ).

     2.1     ;
     2.2       HOWTO   
     2.3       World Wide Web    Linux;
     2.4  newsgroups    Linux;
     2.5     Linux
     2.6      Linux  FTP;
     2.7     FTP.     Linux
     2.8        Usenet.  ;
     2.9   ;
     2.10      Usenet;

  3.    

     3.1   Linux      DOS; OS/2; 386BSD; Win95; Win; Solaris;
     3.2          DOS;
     3.3       DOS drive;
     3.4     partition  OS/2 (HPFS);
     3.5 ***Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?
     3.6      Windows   Linux
     3.7      Linux   Boot Manager  OS/2;
     3.8          Linux   Windows  swap;

  4.    ,       Linux

     4.1      Linux        ;
     4.2        ;
     4.3   (defragmenter)   ext2fs ;
     4.4         ;
     4.5      inodes, blocks,   .
     4.6     (swap area)  .
     4.7    LILO ,          DOS;
     4.8        fdformat      (root);
     4.9     Stacker   Doublespace   Linux;
     4.10        ext2fs        
     4.11       (root)   !
     4.12     /proc/kcore!    ;
     4.13  AHA1542C      Linux.

  5.    

     5.1        linux    ;
     5.2    ld.so      ;
     5.3    /  compile /   XXX    linux;
     5.4      386,    compiler    compile   486;
     5.5    gcc -O6;
     5.6    linux/*.h   asm/*.h;
     5.7       compile  kernel.
     5.8      shared library;
     5.9     () .
     5.10    Linux  (threads)  lightweight ;
     5.11      `lint'  Linux
     5.12      `kermit'  Linux

  6.     .

     6.1  free    (core).
     6.2      .
     6.3  setuid scripts    .
     6.4        free  .
     6.5   , ,   .
     6.6   (.. xdm)      login.
     6.7       log in  password.
     6.8          GCC /  X / ...
     6.9    login   root.
     6.10          .
     6.11            login    .
     6.12      ()  rm!
     6.13  lpr(1)   lpd(8)  .
     6.14       msdos   .
     6.15      LILO    vmlinux ;

  7.      ...

     7.1            ;
     7.2     ;   ;
     7.3     ;
     7.4   (version)  Linux     ;
     7.5            ; (core dumps)
     7.6   /  ;
     7.7      3  ,    ;
     7.8     ;
     7.9       ,  .;
     7.10       NUM LOCK    '  ;
     7.11       128Mb    (swap);

  8.    

     8.1    XYZ  Linux
     8.2      ELF;
     8.3     .gz ;   .tgz ;  ... ;
     8.4     VFS;
     8.5    BogoMip;
     8.6    Linux Journal      
     8.7    Linux
     8.8       Linux

  9. Frequently encountered error messages.

     9.1 Unknown terminal type linux and similar.
     9.2 During linking I get Undefined symbol _mcount
     9.3 lp1 on fire
     9.4 INET: Warning: old style ioctl(IP_SET_DEV) called!
     9.5 ld: unrecognized option '-m486'
     9.6 GCC says Internal compiler error.
     9.7 make says Error 139
     9.8 shell-init: permission denied when I log in.
     9.9 No utmp entry.  You must exec ... when I log in.
     9.10 Warning -- bdflush not running.
     9.11 Warning: obsolete routing request made.
     9.12 EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem.
     9.13 EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached.
     9.14 EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached.
     9.15 df says Cannot read table of mounted filesystems.
     9.16 fdisk says Partition X has different physical/logical ...
     9.17 fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary
     9.18 fdisk says partition n has an odd number of sectors.
     9.19 mtools says cannot initialise drive XYZ
     9.20 At the start of booting: Memory tight
     9.21 You don't exist. Go away.

  10. X Windows
     10.1   Linux X Windows?
     10.2      XF86Config     ;
     10.3 xterm logins show up strangely in who, finger.
     10.4       Windows   .

  11.     .

     11.1  Emacs  core.
     11.2  fdisk       nnn sectors    partition.
     11.3  GCC         .
     11.4       Virtual Consoles.

  12.      ;

     12.1       .
     12.2 T     .
     12.3    mail       .

  13.    FAQ,    .

     13.1    
     13.2    FAQ  .
     13.3 Authorship and acknowledgements.
     13.4 ***Disclaimer and Copyright.

  14.    

     14.1 TODO
     14.2    
     14.3       


  ______________________________________________________________________

  [1m1.     [0m


  [1m1.1.     Linux[0m

   Linux       Unix,    
    Linus Torvalds,       hackers 
   Internet.     Linux,    
   .  To Linux    POSIX , 
             
   Unix, :

       (preemptitive
     multitasking),

      (virtual memory),

      (shared libraries),

     '  (demand loading),

      (shared copy-on-write executables),

       (proper memory management) 

     TCP/IP

     ,  Linux :

      (SMP)


      (multithreading),

     Java    

     IPX/SPX, bridging, routing, masquerading, tunneling

        386/486/586/686, Pentium PCs,  
           386   
       (protected mode).   (ports) 
     Linux       .

  (. ``'')

  (   Linux       
     () .  Linux   
      GNU (GPL, General Public License).  (. 1.6
   http://www.cs.pdx.edu/ trent/gnu/ ) )

        Linux (. 2.)



  [1m1.2.    (software) ;[0m

   Linux  GCC (  C++), Emacs (
  ), X-Windows (GUI),      Unix,
  TCP/IP (SLIP,PPP),     UNIX  
    .

           , :

     

     

     

    BBS

    3D renderers (pov)

     ( Octave)

    WinNT-like & Netware-like file/printer servers

    WWW, FTP, NEWS, SENDMAIL-POP,NFS servers  ...

       .  Linux   
    ,     :

        DOS,  DOSEMU
  (tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/ALPHA/dosemu),      DOS
       .     Windows 3.1 
  enhanced mode.

    iBCS2 (Intel Binary Compatibility Standard)  SVR4
  ELF  SVR3.2 COFF ,    
  .  (. tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/BETA/ibcs2/README).

   WINE (WINdows Emulator)    Windows .
   freeware,        .
   WABI  SUN    ,    
  .        Windows,  
   MS-Office, CorelDraw, Video/Audio players, .   
  199$,    .

         Linux :

    Netscape Navigator Gold 3.01/Communicator (0$)

    Corel Draw

    Oracle Relational Database

    Motif Libraries 2.0 (100$)

    c-tree Plus

    Executor 2

    Mathematica 3.0

    Maple V Release 4

    Applixware Office Suite for Linux

    AcceleratedX CDE Business Desktop



  [1m1.3.     ;   (hardware) ;[0m

    386  2MB RAM    
  ,    .    
   4 RAM,       Xwindows 8. 
      10/300/600 (minimum/typical/enough) 
  .     Pentium  32mb,  
  .

     VESA  PCI   .

  MCA (  IBM)   ESDI      
  .    :
  http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca.

   Linux     Xwindows,    
  .  :
  http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kharker/linux-laptop/.

          ( , ,
    ,  ) ,   INFO-
  SHEET   Hardware-HOWTO (. ``'')

        8086   :
  Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset (ELKS).    16
    Linux,      .
     ,       
  preemptitive multitasking.  .
  http://www.linux.org.uk/Linux8086.html.

     Linux    
  (SMP).       
  Documentation/smp.tex,      /usr/src/linux.



  [1m1.4.     (ports)    ;[0m

   port (beta)   68000 (  Amiga, Atari),
   Xserver.    .  FAQ, ftp    
    : ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/680x0/FAQ
  ftp.phil.uni-sb.de/pub/atari/linux-68k
  ( http://pfah.informatik.uni-kl.de:8000/pers/jmayer/linux68k-faq
  http://www-users.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/ hn/linux68k.html  )


   Linux  PowerPC,       Internet:
  http://www.linuxppc.org    PowerPC    
  ftp site: ftp.linuxppc.org/linuxppc.

   Apple   OSF      Linux,
    OSF  Mach microkernel. .
  http://www.mklinux.apple.com.

     Alpha (64-bit DEC Alpha/AXP)    Linux:
  http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/.     
  vger.rutgers.edu.

   Ralf Baechle     MIPS (R4600  Deskstation
  Tyne).   FAQ   ftp.fnet.fr/linux-mips 
  ftp://ftp.linux.sgi.com/pub/mips-linux.     
    <linux@waldorf-gmbh.de>.

  ( There is also a MIPS channel on the Linux Activists mailserver and a
  linux-mips mailing list.  (See ````'''') )

     ARM (Acorn A5000, Acorn Risc PC)   projects
      ,   ARM3 (Acorn A5000,  
    82710/11)    ARM610 ( Acorn Risc PC). 
         Martin Ebourne
  <mje@soton.ac.uk>.

       comp.sys.acorn.misc

  FAQ: ftp.ecs.soton.ac.uk/pub/armlinux/FAQs/general-faq

   homepage: http://whirligig.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~rmk92/armlinux.html.

   David Miller     Sparc.   
    ,    
  <davem@caip.rutgers.edu>.



  [1m1.5.        ;[0m


  10Mb       ,   
   .  80Mb    - 
    Xwindows.   250Mb      .
    .  500Mb    
     1 .      , 
     .



  [1m1.6.    Linux   (Copyright);  [0m
  [1m;[0m


     (copyright)     Linux, 
   Linus Torvalds,       GPL.   
        ,    
  ,         ,
          .   Linux 
   public domain, EINAI GPLed.  .   Copyright FAQ,
  ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/law/copyright, for details.

       COPYING  Linux kernel
  sources (/usr/src/linux).

            
  Linux,    .    , 
    GNU Project  Free Software Foundation,    
   GPL.

  ( Note that discussion about the merits or otherwise of the GPL should
  be posted to gnu.misc.discuss and not to the comp.os.linux groups.  )


  [1m2.        ( ).[0m


  [1m2.1.      ;[0m

     :

     [1mMANual pages[0m
          online  (manual)  Unix.   Linux
              .   man man. ( man
          help).

     [1mINFO[0m
         INFO     .    
        .

     [1mFAQ[0m
        Frequently Asked Questions.  FAQ   
             .   
        /usr/doc/faq.

     [1mHOWTO[0m
         HOWTO        
         .       Linux.
        /usr/doc/faq/howto

     [1mMINI-HOWTO[0m
           ,       .

     [1mLDP[0m
        Linux Documentation Project:    .
                .
          http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP



  [1m2.2.        HOWTO   [0m

        HOWTO:

    ftp.funet.fi (128.214.6.100) : /pub/OS/Linux/doc/HOWTO

    tsx-11.mit.edu (18.172.1.2) : /pub/linux/docs/HOWTO

    sunsite.unc.edu (152.2.22.81) : /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO

     ,  ````''''

       ftp,    
  <ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com>, <ftpmail@doc.ic.ac.uk> <ftp-
  mailer@informatik.tu-muenchen.de.>.

            HOWTO:
  http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX.html.   
  :


  AX25-HOWTO                             Access-HOWTO
  Assembly-HOWTO                         Benchmarking-HOWTO
  BootPrompt-HOWTO                       Bootdisk-HOWTO
  CD-Writing-HOWTO                       CDROM-HOWTO
  Chinese-HOWTO                          Commercial-HOWTO
  Consultants-HOWTO                      Cyrillic-HOWTO
  DNS-HOWTO                              DOS-to-Linux-HOWTO
  DOSEMU-HOWTO                           Danish-HOWTO
  Distribution-HOWTO                     ELF-HOWTO
  Emacspeak-HOWTO                        Ethernet-HOWTO
  Finnish-HOWTO                          Firewall-HOWTO
  Ftape-HOWTO                            GCC-HOWTO
  German-HOWTO                           HAM-HOWTO
  HOWTO-INDEX                            Hardware-HOWTO
  Hebrew-HOWTO                           IPX-HOWTO
  ISP-Hookup-HOWTO                       Installation-HOWTO
  Intranet-Server-HOWTO                  Italian-HOWTO
  Java-CGI-HOWTO                         Kernel-HOWTO
  Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO             MGR-HOWTO
  MILO-HOWTO                             Mail-HOWTO
  NET-3-HOWTO                            NFS-HOWTO
  NIS-HOWTO                              News-HOWTO
  Optical-Disk-HOWTO                     PCI-HOWTO
  PCMCIA-HOWTO                           PPP-HOWTO
  Pilot-HOWTO                            Polish-HOWTO
  Printing-HOWTO                         Printing-Usage-HOWTO
  RPM-HOWTO                              Reading-List-HOWTO
  SCSI-HOWTO                             SCSI-Programming-HOWTO
  SMB-HOWTO                              Serial-HOWTO
  Serial-Programming-HOWTO               Shadow-Password-HOWTO
  Slovenian-HOWTO                        Sound-HOWTO
  Sound-Playing-HOWTO                    Spanish-HOWTO
  TeTeX-HOWTO                            Thai-HOWTO
  Tips-HOWTO                             UMSDOS-HOWTO
  UPS-HOWTO                              UUCP-HOWTO
  User-Group-HOWTO                       VAR-HOWTO
  VMS-to-Linux-HOWTO                     XFree86-HOWTO
  XFree86-Video-Timings-HOWTO            3-Button-Mouse



    Mini-HOWTO,       
  http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/mini:




















  ADSM-Backup                            AI-Alife
  Advocacy                               Backup-With-MSDOS
  Battery-Powered                        Boca
  BogoMips                               Bridge
  Bridge+Firewall                        Clock
  Colour-ls                              Comeau-C++
  DHCPd                                  Dial-On-Demand
  Diald                                  Dip+SLiRP+CSLIP
  Diskless                               Dynamic-IP-Hacks
  Ext2fs-Undeletion                      GTEK-BBS-550
  HTML-Validation                        IO-Port-Programming
  IP-Alias                               IP-Masquerade
  IP-Subnetworking                       JE
  Jaz-Drive                              Kerneld
  Key-Setup                              LBX
  LILO                                   Large-Disk
  Linux+DOS+Win95                        Linux+DOS+Win95+OS2
  Linux+NT-Loader                        Linux+OS2+DOS
  Linux+Win95                            Loadlin+Win95
  Locales                                MIDI+SB
  Mail-Queue                             Mail2News
  Man-Page                               Multiple-Disks-Layout
  Multiple-Ethernet                      NFS-Root
  NFS-Root-Client                        Netscape+Proxy
  Offline-Mailing                        Online-Support
  PLIP                                   PPP-over-minicom
  Pager                                  Partition
  Print2Win                              Process-Accounting
  Proxy-ARP                              Public-Web-Browser
  Qmail+MH                               Quota
  RCS                                    Remote-Boot
  Remote-X-Apps                          SLIP+proxyARP
  SLIP-PPP-Emulator                      Sendmail+UUCP
  Software-Building                      Software-RAID
  Soundblaster-16                        Soundblaster-AWE64
  StarOffice                             Swap-Space
  Term-Firewall                          Tiny-News
  Token-Ring                             Upgrade
  VPN                                    Virtual-wu-ftpd
  Visual-Bell                            Win95+Win+Linux
  Windows-Modem-Sharing                  WordPerfect
  X-Big-Cursor                           XFree86-XInside
  Xterm-Title                            Xterminal
  ZIP-Drive                              ZIP-Install



  ,   HOWTO  
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations.   
        :


    (fr)                      (de)
    (it)                       (jp)
   (pl)                       (es)
   (sv)                       (tr)



   HOWTO's    Web,    Linux
  Documentation Project http://sunsite.unc./edu/LDP,  
    Usenet newsgroup comp.os.linux.answers.

            .  ,
       Greg Hankins, <gregh@cc.gatech.edu>, 
   HOWTO,     .  
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX    
    HOWTO.

     (Guide Series)     Linux
  Documentation Project    
  http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP.      
   Unix   Linux.      :


    The Linux Documentation Project Manifesto,   Matt Welsh.

    Installation and Getting Started Guide,   Matt Welsh.

    The Linux Kernel,   David Rusling.

    The Network Administrator's Guide,   Olaf Kirch.

    The Linux Programmer's Guide,   Sven Goldt, Sven van der
     Meer, Scott Burkett,  Matt Welsh.

    The Linux System Administrator's Guide, Version 0.5,   Lars
     Wirzenius.



  [1m2.3.        World Wide Web    Linux;[0m

   Greg Hankins, gregh@cc.gatech.edu,     Linux
  Documentation Project,  http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP.

          FAQ  HOWTO,   
     HTML (WWW) format,      .



  [1m2.4.   newsgroups    Linux;[0m

     Usenet newsgroups ( ) 
   Linux.   newsgroups   ,  
   ,     ,    
  .

  comp.os.linux.announce    (moderated) 
  ,        
    Linux.         
    <linux-announce@news.ornl.gov>.

  comp.os.linux.answers    FAQs, HOWTOs  
   123.      .

        groups   comp.os.linux.
             
       FAQ,   .  newsgroups
  :

  comp.os.linux.setup
  comp.os.linux.hardware
  comp.os.linux.networking
  comp.os.linux.x
  comp.os.linux.development.apps
  comp.os.linux.development.system
  comp.os.linux.advocacy
  comp.os.linux.misc



   '   ,    Linux  Unix ,
       comp.unix.*  comp.windows.x.* groups 
   .

     hardware,        low-
  level ,          
   .

  Please read ````'''' before posting, and make sure you post to the
  right newsgroup -- see `Welcome to the comp.os.linux.* hierarchy'
  which is posted every two weeks to comp.os.linux.announce,
  comp.os.linux.answers, and other groups.

     (Crossposting)   
  comp.os.linux.*,    .

     Linux groups, ,   . -- 
   .  ...   : news://edessa.topo.auth.gr

   comp.os.linux.development, comp.os.linux.admin, 
  comp.os.linux.help,   ...    
  .

  See also ````''''

  Other regional and local newsgroups also exist -- you may find the
  traffic more manageable there.  The French Linux newsgroup is
  fr.comp.os.linux. The German one is de.comp.os.linux.  In Australia,
  try aus.computers.linux.  In Croatia there is the moderated group
  hr.comp.linux.m.  In Italy, it.comp.linux.



  [1m2.5.      Linux[0m

       Linux, 
    Debian, Red Hat  Slackware.     
          Linux,  
    .      
        ,   
   .

       Installation-HOWTO  
        Slackware.   Red
  Hat  Debian    ,   
      .

         anonymous FTP, 
   .  ``''      
       ,  
    (      )



  [1m2.6.       Linux  FTP;[0m

           Linux:

    ftp.funet.fi (Finland, 128.214.6.100) : /pub/OS/Linux

    sunsite.unc.edu (US, 152.2.22.81) : /pub/Linux

    tsx-11.mit.edu (US, 18.172.1.2) : /pub/linux

               Linux :
     ftp.cs.helsinki.fi/pub/Linux_Kernel.   Linus Torvalds  
          .  (www.kernel.org)

    Debian  : ftp.debian.org/pub/debian,   Red Hat
   ftp.redhat.com.

        (mirror, 
   )     .   
            
    ,        
  .

    ftp.sun.ac.za/pub/linux/sunsite/ (South Africa)

    ftp.is.co.za/linux/sunsite/ (South Africa)

    ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/Linux/ (Hong Kong)

    ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/Linux/ (Hong Kong)

    ftp.spin.ad.jp/pub/linux/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Japan)

    ftp.nuri.net/pub/Linux/ (Korea)

    ftp.jaring.my/pub/Linux/ (Malaysia)

    ftp.nus.sg/pub/unix/Linux/ (Singapore)

    ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/mirrors/linux/ (Thailand)

    ftp.dstc.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

    sunsite.anu.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

    ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

    ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

    ftp.univie.ac.at/systems/linux/sunsite/ (Austria)

    ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/UNIX/linux/ (Czech Republic)

    ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/sunsite/ (Finland)

    ftp.univ-angers.fr/pub/Linux/ (France)

    ftp.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr (France)

    ftp.ibp.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (France)

    ftp.loria.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (France)

    ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de/pub/linux/sunsite/

    ftp.germany.eu.net/pub/os/Linux/Mirror.SunSITE/ (Germany)

    ftp.tu-dresden.de/pub/Linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/MIRROR.sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/mirrors/sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.ba-mannheim.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)


    ftp.uni-paderborn.de/pub/Mirrors/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Germany)

    ftp.uni-rostock.de/Linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

    tp.rus.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/unix/systems/linux/MIRROR.sunsite/
     (Germany)

    ftp.uni-tuebingen.de/pub/linux/Mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.rz.uni-ulm.de/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

    ftp.kfki.hu/pub/linux/ (Hungary)

    linux.italnet.it/pub/Linux/ (Italy)

    ftp.unina.it/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Italy)

    giotto.unipd.it/pub/unix/Linux/ (Italy)

    cnuce-arch.cnr.it/pub/Linux/ (Italy)

    ftp.flashnet.it/mirror2/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Italy)

    ftp.nijenrode.nl/pub/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (Netherlands)

    ftp.LeidenUniv.nl/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Netherlands)

    ftp.nvg.unit.no/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Norway)

    ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Poland)

    ftp.rediris.es/software/os/linux/sunsite/ (Spain)

    sunsite.rediris.es/software/linux/ (Spain)

    ftp.cs.us.es/pub/Linux/sunsite-mirror/ (Spain)

    ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/mirror/linux/ (Spain)

    ftp.etsimo.uniovi.es/pub/linux/ (Spain)

    ftp.luna.gui.es/pub/linux.new/ (Spain)

    ftp.switch.ch/mirror/linux/ (Switzerland)

    ftp.metu.edu.tr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Turkey)

    unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/sunsite/pub/Linux/ (UK)

    ftp.maths.warwick.ac.uk/mirrors/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

    ftp.idiscover.co.uk/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

    sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

    ftp.dungeon.com/pub/linux/sunsite-mirror/ (UK)

    ftp.io.org/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (Canada)

    ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/linux/ (US)

    ftp.cdrom.com/pub/linux/sunsite/ (US)

    ftp.siriuscc.com/pub/Linux/Sunsite/ (US)


    ftp.engr.uark.edu/pub/linux/sunsite/ (US)

    ftp.infomagic.com/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (US)

    linux.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/ (Brazil)

    farofa.ime.usp.br/pub/linux/ (Brazil)

            
   ,       .



  [1m2.7.      FTP.     Linux[0m

               CDROM 
   FTP.    Linux User Group   ,
      .

       email,    FTP-by-mail
  servers  <ftpmail@ftp.sunet.se>, <ftpmail@garbo.uwasa.fi> or
  <ftpmail@ftp.uni-stuttgart.de>.

    Linux       ,
   CDROM    ().   
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTO,  
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/distributions/Distribution-HOWTO
    .

            
     Linux,      CDROM. 
     '      Linux   .



  [1m2.8.         Usenet. [0m
  [1m;[0m

   digest (  )  comp.os.linux.announce   
       subscribe   
    <mailto:linux-announce-REQUEST@news-digests.mit.edu>.
        ,   
        Linux.

        -request  
  /   .



  [1m2.9.    ;[0m

      Linux    
  Majordomo : <majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu>.     
   lists           
   .         help,   
      Majordomo,  /  .

          
       Linux,     
     .     
  .

      "     ". 
             
  .

  [1m2.10.       Usenet;[0m

   sunsite.unc.edu     
  comp.os.linux.announce,  /pub/Linux/docs/linux-announce.archive.
      /usenet  src.doc.ic.ac.uk.

          
  comp.os.linux.announce  World Wide Web 
  http://www.leo.org/archiv/linux/archiv/ann_index.html.  
    .

          
     .



  [1m3.     [0m



  [1m3.1.    Linux      DOS; OS/2; 386BSD;[0m
  [1mWin95; Win; Solaris;[0m

  NAI. To Linux      partitions 
  PC,          .
   '  ,     , 
    ,  bugs.    FDISK  
  FORMAT  DOS        
  Linux,        
     (partition boot sector),   
   (partition table),     
   (Master Boot Record, MBR).    ,   
   partition   Linux,      
  ,      MSDOS   .
      : dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hdXY bs=512
  count=1      partition,  hda1=1 , 1
  .

   Linux,          
  (filesystem)   DOS (FAT),  OS/2 (HPFS).  
  filesystems     Windows : VFAT (
  ), FAT32 (    $),   NTFS ( NT).

          Linux ( OS/2).
     :
  http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/ gef/fs

  ( See Q1.2 `What software does it support?' for details and status of
  the emulators for DOS, MS Windows and System V programs.  See also
  Q3.5 `Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?'.
  )


  [1m3.2.           DOS;[0m

   DOS (FAT)    Linux,   MSDOS filesystem
  driver.   : (   DOS    partition
    )

          mkdir /dos
          mount -t msdos -o conv=text,umask=022,uid=100,gid=100 /dev/hda3 /dos


   :


          mkdir /floppyA
          mount -t msdos -o /dev/fd0 /floppyA
          ls -als /floppyA
          umount /dev/fd0


  [1m    UMOUNT,    [0m

     conv=text/binary/auto, umask=nnn, uid=nnn
  and gid=nnn        
    DOS  ( CR/LF -> LF )    
      permissions    DOS,  
    Linux.   mount        
       /etc/fstab.   
  man 8 mount, man fstab.

    mtools       :
     "mdir a:"     , .

   kernel patch (  fd-patches)    
       tracks / sectors


  [1m3.3.        DOS drive;[0m

   .      DOS emulator (Q1.2 `What software
  does it support?')   Stacked  DBLSPC,   
       filesystem driver.    
   read-only   doublespaced volumes: .
  sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Filesystems,   "ths".


  [1m3.4.      partition  OS/2 (HPFS);[0m

  ,      .    ,
     compile  kernel () ,  
    .    ,  (Q7.6).
        root filesystem:

          mkdir /hpfs
          mount -t hpfs /dev/hda5 /hpfs





  [1m3.5.  ***Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?[0m

  I'm told that there is a primitive, alpha test read-only Amiga
  filesystem on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/patches/amigaffs.tar.Z.
  More information is in affs-readme in the tarfile.

  Recent kernels contain support for the UFS filesystem used by System
  V, Coherent and Xenix.

  There is alpha kernel support, readonly for the moment, for the 4.2BSD
  UFS, on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/ALPHA/ufs.

  There is a set of user-level programs that provides read-only access
  to the Macintosh hierarchical filing system (HFS). It is available on
  sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/hfs0_36.tgz.  This
  is being turned into a kernel module, which is available on sunsite.

  A suite of programs called Samba provide support for Windows for
  Workgroups networked filesystems (provided it's configured to use
  TCP/IP).  Information is available at
  http://lake.canberra.edu.au/samba/samba.html.  There is alpha kernel
  support for mounting such filesystems, on sunsite.unc.edu in
  /pub/Linux/ALPHA/smbfs.

  There is no support for the rest of those yet; I have not heard of any
  recent work on providing some.



  [1m3.6.       Windows   Linux[0m

    ,       , 
  WINE  ()  ,     .  
     comp.emulators.ms-windows.wine

  ,  Sun,        WABI   Unices,
        Linux   Caldera.  WABI 
       ,     
   ,  .

    WINE   ,   WABI   , 
         Windows   Linux  
      ,  reboot.    
     LILO (LInux LOader),   BOOT MENU.



  [1m3.7.       Linux   Boot Manager  OS/2;[0m

   OS/2      .

  1.   fdisk  OS/2 (   )   
       Linux.   ,    swap partition.

  2.     HPFS  FAT. (   
      OS/2 WARP)

  3.    Boot Manager.

  4.    mkfs -t ext2  mke2fs    partition 
     ext2 ,      Linux.    fdisk 
     Linux       partition ( 83,  82
      swap).

  5.   Linux   .

  6.   LILO  BOOT SECTOR (Linux partition),  
      Master Boot Record (MBR),     
     Boot Manager.    LILO     ' 
       ,        
     ,        /etc/lilo.conf 
       boot = /dev/hda2

  7.      Boot Manager  
     (active),     Boot Manager   
       .



  [1m3.8.           Linux  [0m
  [1mWindows  swap;[0m

    Mini-HOWTO   H. Peter Anvin,  <hpa@yggdrasil.com>:
  ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/mini/Swap-Space


  [1m4.     ,   [0m
  [1m   Linux[0m



  [1m4.1.    ;      Linux   [0m
  [1m [0m

         IDE  EIDE    
    /usr/src/linux/drivers/block/README.ide (  
       Linux).      
          IDE. 
    IDE     `' 
  `' //.

      SCSI     
    (linear block numbers).  BIOS  
   `' //    
  DOS.

    DOS          
  (partitions)     1024  , 
          Linux  
        LILO   .

  ' '       
     Linux       
    .

          
   Linux        1024  
          .   
          
  .



  [1m4.2.         ;[0m

  ,         Unix 
    (multitasking)  .  
     ext2fs   ,    
       .

          
           ,
   ,        
          ` '. 
         
  .

    ,        
          . 
           
   (root)    .



  [1m4.3.    (defragmenter)   ext2fs ;[0m

  .      Linux  
  ext2,  minix       ext 
    sunsite.unc.edu   system/Filesystems 
  defrag-0.6.tar.gz.


       ext2   
     ext2      
        (fragmentation)  
        .



  [1m4.4.         [0m
  [1m;[0m

       3,5 :

     fdformat /dev/fd0H1440
     mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 /dev/fd0H1440 1440


     5,25   fd0h1200  1200 
    .     `B'  fd1 
   fd0.         
          Linux ( Q2.1 `
      HOWTO    ') . 
       mke2fs    mkfs -t ext2. 
   -m 0   mkfs.ext2      
       .    10%
          (root).

             
        ' . 
     (mount)       
   (partition)     (cp)   
  (mv) , .



  [1m4.5.  .       inodes, blocks,[0m
  [1m [0m

         
       Linux     
           
  (reset)   .     
         . 
  ,        util-
  linux,      sunsite   tsx-11.

       fsck ( e2fsck  xfsck   
        fsck [automatic fsck front-
  end])        . 
           
         mkfs ( mke2fs, mkxfs )   
      .

  .:         
    (mount)  /.   
        (root)   
        Linux    :


     VFS: mounted root ... read-only







  [1m4.6.      (swap area)  .[0m

     (boot)    Linux (    
      )     
  :

          Adding Swap: NNNNk swap-space


          swapon -av ( 
     )    
  /etc/rc.local  /etc/rc.d/* (   )  
          /etc/fstab, :

          /dev/hda2       none       swap       sw



     :

          Unable to find swap-space signature


       mkswap.     
  .     mkfs.

    Installation-HOWTO ()   
           .



  [1m4.7.   DOS;    LILO ,      [0m
  [1m [0m

   DOS (MS-DOS 5.0  ,  OS/2),
   FDISK /MBR (    ).  
          (Master Boot
  Record)  MS-DOS.   DR-DOS 6.0,   FDISK 
   "Re-write Master Boot Record".

     DOS 5  DR-DOS     (boot
  sector)   LILO    .  
     ,   ;   
   boot.0301   .  :


     dd if=boot.0301 of=/dev/hda bs=445 count=1


  ( sda      SCSI).   
      (partition table)    ,
  '  !     ,   
    :

     dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1


             
  (boot sector)    .   
   (format)        
   . ,        
     .        
      .

        (MBR)  DOS  
        `' ( 
   ).       fdisk  
           
       .



  [1m4.8.    (root);     [0m
  [1m  fdformat   [0m

            
    (root),    
  (permissions)  /dev/fd0*.      
    (format)      
  fdformat2          setuid
  (chmod u+s fdformat2).



  [1m4.9.      Stacker   Doublespace   Linux;[0m

         Linux   
       .

       Zlibc     
       (GNU zipped)  
     .      
     gzip       
           .
    sunsite.unc.edu   /pub/Linux/libs.  
     < Alain.Knaff@imag.fr>.

        (compressing block
  device driver)         
       . 
  `DouBle'.      sunsite.unc.edu  
  /pub/Linux/kernel/patches/diskdrives.      Jean-
  Marc Verbavatz <jmv@receptor.mgh.harvard.edu>.   , 
         (inodes -
   )       
    ,      
     .

         tcx (Transparently
  Compressed Executables -    ) 
           
            
  .        FTP  Linux
  (Q2.5 `       Linux  FTP;'). 
       comp.os.linux.announce.
   -        gzexe,   
       .



  [1m4.10.         ext2fs [0m
  [1m      [0m

   Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'.



  [1m4.11.   !      [0m
  [1m (root) [0m

    (mount)  .    /etc/fstab  
      mount -n -o remount /.   
  /etc/fstab          
      : .. mount -n -o remount -t ext2 /dev/hda2
  /.           
  Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'.



  [1m4.12.      /proc/kcore!    ;[0m

        /proc    
   -   `'      
  (kernel)           
      .

    /proc/kcore    `'   
   .           RAM 
   ,       ,   
   .



  [1m4.13.   AHA1542C      Linux.[0m

            
  1024         
  DOS         Linux.
      Linux    
      `advanced BIOS' ( BIOS) - 
            (bus)  
          .



  [1m5.     [0m

  Please see also the Linux GCC-FAQ, available in HTML format by FTP
  from www.mrc-apu.cam.ac.uk in /pub/linux/GCC-FAQ.html.



  [1m5.1.         linux  [0m
  [1m ;[0m

       unix    
        unix.    
  .         
          , 
           bugs. 
             
       porting    .

       bsd    
         compile 
  : -I/usr/include/bsd  -lbsd



  [1m5.2.     ld.so      ;[0m

   ld.so   dynamic libary loader.    
   shared libraries    3  
   ,          shared
  libraries.          shared
  library, /lib/ld.so,         
  .   binaries       
    .
         tsx-11.mit.edu   directory
  /pub/linux/packages/GCC   mirror site .   
     faq   version  ld.so  
  ld.so.1.7.11.tar.gz.   /lib/ld-linux.so.1    
    ELF binaries         a.out
  loader.



  [1m5.3.     /  compile /   XXX[0m
  [1m   linux;[0m

   ',   Linux Software Map (LSM) --  
  directory docs  sunsite.unc.edu,    ftp sites.  
      web server http://www.boutell.com/lsm.

    ftp sites (  Q2.5 '     
   linux  ftp ;')  --   find-ls  index  
    strings.    Linux Projects Map (LPM), 
  ftp.ix.de  /pub/Linux/docs/Projects-Map.gz.

     ,       
       compile   --   Q5.1 '
        Linux ;' -- ,   
         ,  
    newsgroup : comp.os.linux.development.apps.

    compile         
    ftp sites    mail 
  comp.os.linux.announce (    linux-
  announce@news.ornl.gov).

      -    
         .  
    FAQ  comp.sources.wanted      
   .

        Projects-FAQ,   
  directory /pub/Linux/docs/faqs/Projects-FAQ  sunsite.unc.edu.



  [1m5.4.       386,    compiler [0m
  [1m  compile   486;[0m

   ,     kernel.

    -m486  GCC,      
     486      
       486.  
      386,        
  .

      1.3.35  kernel    486  
   pentium      486   pentium
  ,      386.

   GCC      386  486.    
      386       -m386  
     486    -m486.    
           compile  
      : /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i*-linux/n.n.n/specs.

    alpha   GCC       
  binary   pentium,    ,   
     .  pentium GCC    
  tsx-11.mit.edu  directory /pub/linux/ALPHA/pentium-gcc.  
     486 GCC   .   
    -m386  pentium     
  ,     .



  [1m5.5.     gcc -O6;[0m

          -2 (GCC 2.5)  -3 (GCC 2.6, 2.7)
            . 
  Makefiles   kernel   -2,   
    .



  [1m5.6.     linux/*.h   asm/*.h;[0m

       directories /usr/include/linux 
  /usr/include/asm.

   directories     symbolic links   
  kernel  /usr/src/linux    directories.

        kernel   --   (
  7.6 "    /  compile   kernel  ;").

    rm     ,  ln 
     links :

  rm -rf /usr/include/linux /usr/include/asm
  ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/linux /usr/include/linux
  ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/asm /usr/include/asm


      /usr/src/linux/include/asm   symbolic link
     asm-$ARCH directory -    
     kernel     
  make symlinks.          
  make config    kernel,     <linux/auto-
  conf.h>.



  [1m5.7.        compile  kernel.[0m

     /usr/include/linux  /usr/include/asm  
   directories  symbolic links 
  /usr/src/linux/include/linux  /usr/src/linux/include/asm
  .

   ,     rm    ln -s
      links    5.6 '  
   linux/*.h   asm/*.h;'.

       patch  kernel  
     -p0   -p1.   patch  
   .     man    patch 
   .

    patch   kernel     1.1.44 
       directories /usr/src/linux/include/asm-
  i386.  directory asm    .   make symlinks
      symbolic links  asm-i36  arch/i386/boot
  .          
           kernel 1.1.45 
  patch   1.1.44,     linux-1.1.45.tar.gz.

    ld: unrecognised option `-qmagic'    
     linker,   tsx-11.mit.edu 
  /pub/linux/packages/GCC,   binutils-2.6.0.2.bin.tar.gz.



  [1m5.8.       shared library;[0m

    ELF executables :

     gcc -fPIC -c *.c
     gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libfoo.so.1 -o libfoo.so.1.0 *.o


    a.out,    tools-n.nn.tar.gz   tsx-11.mit.edu,
   /pub/linux/packages/GCC/src.       
      .       a.out
      .



  [1m5.9.      () .[0m

      ELF (see Q8.2 `What's all this about ELF ?')
           
    .so library      
  .       libc.so  
     libc.so.5.2.18.      a.out
  (see Q8.2 `What's all this about ELF ?')    
        -g.   (
       )   
  ,        
    C      
  .           
   -O  -O2      ( 
    GCC )    -s (   strip )    
        (   
  - debugging -  ).      
   -N     (  8K   -N),  
             
  ,    daemons.



  [1m5.10.     Linux  (threads)  lightweight[0m
  [1m;[0m

       Unix  
  ,         
  Linux,      
  ,          Unix:

     sipb.mit.edu:/pub/pthread 
     ftp.ibp.fr:/pub/unix/threads/pthreads.   
            World Wide
     Web  
     http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/proven/home_page.html.  
      Linux libcs    pthreads source;  GNU
     Ada   sunsite.unc.edu  
     /pub/Linux/devel/lang/ada/gnat-3.01-linux+elf.tar.gz 
           .

     ftp.cs.washington.edu:/pub/qt-001.tar.Z    QuickThreads.
            ,
        site  /tr/1993/05/UW-CSE-93-05-06.PS.Z.

     gummo.doc.ic.ac.uk:/rex   lwp,   
     .

     ftp.cs.fsu.edu:/pub/PART,   Ada.  
     ,     PostScript    
              .
            Linux.

         
  .

    1.3.35        
  ,       .

  ...:          
  .       .



  [1m5.11.       `lint'  Linux[0m

       GNU C 
  (gcc)       Linux. 
    -Wall       
    .       GCC
    . ( control-h   i
   Emacs       GCC).

         `lclint' 
          lint.  
         larch.lcs.mit.edu in
  /pub/Larch/lclint  World Wide Web   http://larch-
  www.lcs.mit.edu:8001/larch/lclint.html.



  [1m5.12.       `kermit'  Linux[0m

    copyright  Kermit    
         Linux .  
        kermit.columbia.edu 

  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.i386.rpm         # RedHat
  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.sparc.rpm
  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.alpha.rpm
  kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.src.rpm
  kermit/archives/cku192.debian.tar                  # Debian
  kermit/archives/cku192.slackware-i386.tgz                           # Slackware


     Linux   

  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0-alpha
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0.27-sparc
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0.28-mklinux-mach3.0-ppc
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-1.2.13-i386-elf
  kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.1.13-i386-elf


  T  /kermit/bin/READ.ME  /kermit/archive/READ.ME 
   .



  [1m6.      .[0m



  [1m6.1.   free    (core).[0m

   Linux 1.3.57      /proc/meminfo  
         free  .

     ,   sunsite.unc.edu 
  /pub/Linux/system/Status/ps/procps-0.99.tgz.



  [1m6.2.       .[0m

      computer .   (CMOS) 
   ,     computer  , 
      ,    DOS ( 
  ).    ,    
     date,       Linux .

          CMOS,    
     ,    /sbin/clock   man 8 clock.

            
              
   .        
   .    adjtimex ( ), netdate 
  getdate (      )  xntp ( 
   daemon   ).



  [1m6.3.   setuid scripts    .[0m

  .         
  Linux   setuid scripts      .
      ,   FAQ   comp.unix.questions.



  [1m6.4.         free  .[0m

    `free'      free  
       disk buffer cache -   
    `buffers'.        
  ,     `buffers'    `free' -
     free       
  .

   disk buffer cache        
  Linux,      
   ,      cache. 
      .



  [1m6.5.    , ,   .[0m

          
     .        
   (motherboard)  .

        caching 
    BIOS setup.   CMOS setup    
            
   (...  ).     
  486.

             
   .

        (jumpers)  
     .

           RAM
     RAM     . 
       256K     .

    ,       
  .          
   ,       
  comp.os.linux.hardware  **   - ,
      .    
  Linux     .



  [1m6.6.    (.. xdm)      login.[0m

    non-shadow-password , 
   shadow passwords.

    ,        shadow-
  password     .   shadow password
    ( ):
  tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/sources/usr.bin/shadow-*   
  .      .../linux/binaries/usr.bin.



  [1m6.7.        log in  password.[0m

         ''   (..
  xdm)      login.'',    :

    shadow passords      x  
      password   /etc/passwd  
  ,          shadow
  passwords        login   
     password.



  [1m6.8.           GCC /  X / ...[0m

        (swap) .
           
  Linux     -   
       ,       
     .    ,  Linux  
            
     (    '   
   )       
         .

    Installation HOWTO   Installation and Getting Started
  Guide (       HOWTO   ; ) 
          
  (swap partition)      (swapfile) 
    ``       .''.
  ,       .   
  RAM '       ,  Linux 
      '     .  
            
      .     
         
    .    `` 
  /   ;''.

        /    ,
     free  

      cat /proc/meminfo



             
  (ramdisk)         
  .   LILO   rdev    
        (   
  LILO    man rdev).



  [1m6.9.     login   root.[0m

           
  /etc/nologin.

     ,    rm -f /etc/nologin 
  /etc/rc.local    /etc/rc.d/* .

  ,      ,    
       ,   
       ,   , 
    root .



  [1m6.10.          [0m
  [1m.[0m

          .
   echo '\033c'    .  
  Linux    reset     .



  [1m6.11.             login [0m
  [1m  .[0m

         (  
  , .. Slackware boot-  root- ) ( 
  install  Slackware mirrors)   MCC boot floppy .
     ---   
    sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Recovery.  
        ,    
   " " ,   ...

   ,  mount      

  >   mount -t ext2 /dev/hda1 /mnt




             /mnt
       .     unmount
       (   / , 
      ).



  [1m6.12.       ()  rm![0m

  ,  .     Unix   
           
  . :         Unix
             
    .



  [1m6.13.   lpr(1)   lpd(8)  .[0m

    Printing-HOWTO



  [1m6.14.        msdos   .[0m

     (bug)   clock(8) (  
    /sbin) --    ,  
     .      
  .



  [1m6.15.       LILO    vmlinux ;[0m

     1.1.80  ,  
    ,    LILO   ,  
   arch/i386/boot/zImage.  vmlinux   root  
    ,        
   .

             
    ,  '    .



  [1m7.       ...[0m



  [1m7.1.             ;[0m

    '   (US)    
    Shift   PageUp  PageDown . (: 
      ,     ). 
    ,    
  /usr/lib/keytables      "
  "  " "    ,  , 
           
    84 . *      
            ,
          ,
           
         
  ,   <linux/tty.h>.


  [1m7.2.      ;   ;[0m

     ,   Alt-F1  Alt-F12  
      (..) tty1  tty12,  Alt-F1
    tty13   ' .      X windows
     Ctrl-Alt-F1 ... Alt-F5  ,   
   .       ..  
        /etc/inittab,   
     ..   .  :  X
     ..   .   (kernels)
    1.1.59        .., 
   '   8.   NR_CONSOLES 
  linux/include/linux/tty.h.     
  ,  63      .



  [1m7.3.      ;[0m

     (directory) /usr/lib/zoneinfo   
        timezone.    
  sunsite.unc.edu  /pub/Linux/system/Admin/timesrc-1.2.tar.gz.  
     (symbolic link)   localtime    
       ( ),     
  posixrules   localtime.   :

     ln -sf US/Mountain localtime
     ln -sf localtime posixrules


        -    date.  
       TZ -   
  (unset)          
  Linux      GMT -  date -u 
       .



  [1m7.4.    (version)  Linux    [0m
  [1m;[0m

  :

     uname -a





  [1m7.5.          [0m
  [1m  ; (core dumps)[0m

   Linux   '    corefiles  
    (processes).       
      ulimit  bash,  limit
   tcsh,   rlimit  ksh.      
   (shell)   .     
           ( 
  ),    .       
    coredumping     ' ,
        (default setting) 
  <linux/sched.h> -     INIT_TASK,    
  <linux/resource.h>.    1.2.13   a.out core dumps
  [8.2 `     ELF ;'].


  [1m7.6.    /  ;[0m

    Kernel HOWTO    README    
      ftp.cs.helsinki.fi, in
  /pub/Software/Linux/Kernel   and mirrors [2.5 `Where can I get
  Linux material by FTP ?'].         
       ,      
    (standard distribution)     
  .  (        
       (custom-configured),    
      .)       
          LILO   
      root partition --  Makefile  
      zlilo  (target) '  
  make zlilo.       (minor version) (..,
  1.1.x, 1.3.x)       
      (1.0.x, 1.2.x).    
    ,       linux-
  kernel  (mailing list) [2.8 `What mailing lists are there ?'].
   Russel Nelson        
      comp.os.linux.development,   
    ftp.emlist.com in /pub/kchanges.



  [1m7.7.       3  ,  [0m
  [1m ;[0m

  ,         
          (
   ).       
   ISA.    Serial HOWTO     
        .



  [1m7.8.      ;[0m

      (filesystem)     
  bin, etc, lib  dev --   .   
         LILO     
  . (   (dosumentation)  LILO, 
  lilo.u.*.ps).      (   LILO   
  )       (ramdisk)    
   ,          
   (mounted ??) **  root    .  
  Bootdisk HOWTO.



  [1m7.9.        , [0m
  [1m.;[0m

    ,  
  /pub/Linux/system/Keyboards/kbd-0.90.tar.gz   sunsite.unc.edu.
          
            . 
   0.90       1.0  .  
        - Makefile
     (top-level kernel Makefile),  /usr/src/linux.
        Keystroke HOWTO, 
  sunsite.unc.edu  /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Keystroke-HOWTO.




  [1m7.10.        NUM LOCK    '[0m
  [1m ;[0m

     setleds,   ( /etc/rc.local
    '  /etc/rc.d/* ):

     for t in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
     do
          setleds +num < /dev/tty$t > /dev/null
     done


   setleds    kbd ( 7.9 ` 
  (remap)     ,   ;').  ,
   (patch)  .     KBD_DEFLEDS 
    (1 << VC_NUMLOCK)    drivers/char/key-
  board.c.



  [1m7.11.        128Mb   [0m
  [1m(swap);[0m

    swap partitions    (swapfiles)
  -  Linux   16  ,    
  128Mb.        *** 
   16Mb.



  [1m8.     [0m



  [1m8.1.     XYZ  Linux[0m

       (manuals),      
  Unix.     (manpages) ( man man) 
            
           
    GNU       
  - (tutorial).   Emacs   C-
  h i,   info info         Emacs.
       Emacs   libc (Emacs libc node)
      libc  Linux (   
    libc  Unix ,      
    GNU),        
    C  Unix.      
   (manpages)   Linux    
   GNU       
    Linux     sunsite.unc.edu 
  /pub/Linux/docs/man-pages.



  [1m8.2.       ELF;[0m

    ELF HOWTO   Daniel Barlow - ,    
     elf,          
      ELF  .   Linux   
     ,     
  ,   `ELF' (    `a.out').  
      ,  
      (shared libraries) 
    (dynamic linking).      , 
  a.out   ELF      .  ,
      C,  
        .       
         ELF,   /lib
       libc.so.5.   ,  .
           ELF  
     ,   ls,    
  file  :

     -chiark:~> file /bin/ls
     /bin/ls: Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC) - stripped

     valour:~> file /bin/ls
     /bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped



     (patch)      1.2.x 
      (compilers) ELF 
    ELF coredumps,  tsx-11.mit.edu  /pub/packages/GCC.
          ELF . 
   1.3.x      .



  [1m8.3.      .gz ;   .tgz ;  ... ;[0m

   .gz ( .z)      GNU gzip.
      gunzip (    
     gzip     
   Linux )     .   .taz  .tz
     (    Unix tar) 
      Unix compress.   .tgz ( .tpz) 
       gzip.   .lsm   
    Linux (Linux Software Map entry),   
    .    LSM     
      docs  sunsite.unc.edu.   .deb
      Debian -     
      Debian GNU/Linux.   
  dpkg   dpkg-deb (   Debian   
  ftp.debian.org).   .rpm    Red Hat,  
      Red Hat.    
  ftp.redhat.com.    file        
       gzip    
    gzipped ,    (downloaded) 
   ASCII  .        
    (binary) -      
  binary  FTP    get     .



  [1m8.4.      VFS;[0m

     (Virtual File System).   
            
  ext2, minix  msdos.        
      (buffer)   
        :

     VFS: Disk change detected on device 2/0







  [1m8.5.     BogoMip;[0m

   `BogoMips'     `Bogus MIPS'.  MIPS 
  (    )    
  -Millions of Instructions per Second-,     
   -Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed-.   
          
     ,    
        .
    BogoMips   :

       386SX              clock * 0.14
       386DX              clock * 0.18
       486Cyrix/IBM       clock * 0.33
       486SX/DX/DX2       clock * 0.50
       586                clock * 0.39


           ,  
     Turbo       CPU , 
       [   Q6.5
  `When I add more memory it slows to a crawl.'.]

         ,  
    BogoMips Mini-HOWTO,  sunsite.unc.edu 
  /pub/Linux/docs/howto/mini/BogoMips.




  [1m8.6.     Linux Journal      [0m

   Linux Journal     ()  
    (!)  (newsstands)       .
    e-mail  linux@ssc.com  .



  [1m8.7.     Linux[0m

   Linux        
          , 
     .     
      Linux,      Linux
     , ' .   newsgroups
    Linux       ,  
       ,   
     .  ,   ,  Harald T.
  Alvestrand Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no,   ,
          linux-counter@uninett.no 
   Linux,      : `I use Linux at
  home' (  Linux  ), `I use Linux at work'
  (  Linux  ),  `I use Linux at home and at
  work' (  Linux     ).  
      -    . ask him
  for details.      
    WWW  http://domen.uninett.no/ hta/linux/counter.html.
       comp.os.linux.misc  ,
     aun.uninett.no  /pub/misc/linux-counter 
    web .






  [1m8.8.        Linux[0m

       " "!    
    Linus        english.au 
   swedish.au  ftp.funet.fi (
  /pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/SillySounds).       
       PC    
  :

     cat english.au >/dev/audio


         Linux     
   Linus  hello.         
   Jin Choi  "Hi, my name is Leenoos Torvahlds and I pronounce
  Leenooks as Leenooks."          
  :  Linus   Linux   Leenus,   ee
     feet      u   
     eu  peur (     u  put
   ).  1/4  Ian Jackson     Lie-
  nucks (u   bucket) --      
         Linus,    
    Lie-nus (u   put).    
          
  .   Ian Jackson     Linnucks ( i 
   pit,  u   bucket)    ,  
      ,    
          
    Linus.



  [1m9.  Frequently encountered error messages.[0m




  [1m9.1.  Unknown terminal type linux and similar.[0m

  In an early 1.3.x kernel the default console terminal type has changed
  from console to linux.  You must edit /etc/termcap to change the line
  reading:

     console|con80x25:\


  to

     linux|console|con80x25:\


  (there may be an additional dumb in there -- if so it should be
  removed.)

  In order to get the editor to work you may need say TERM=console (for
  bash and ksh) or setenv TERM console (csh, tcsh) first.

  Some programs use /usr/lib/terminfo instead of /etc/termcap.  For
  these programs you should upgrade your terminfo, which is part of
  ncurses.






  [1m9.2.  During linking I get Undefined symbol _mcount[0m

  This is usually due to a bad interaction between a brokenness in SLS
  and the C library release notes.  Your libc.a has been replaced by the
  profiling library.  You should remove libc.a, libg.a and libc_p.a and
  once again install the new libraries (following the release notes, of
  course).



  [1m9.3.  lp1 on fire[0m

  This is a joke/traditional error message indicating that some sort of
  error is being reported by your printer, but that the error status
  isn't a valid one.  It may be that you have some kind of I/O or IRQ
  conflict - check your cards' settings.  Some people report that they
  get this message when their printer is switched off.  Hopefully it
  isn't really on fire ...

  In newer kernels this message reads lp1 reported invalid error status
  (on fire, eh?).



  [1m9.4.  INET: Warning: old style ioctl(IP_SET_DEV) called![0m

  You are trying to use the old network configuration utilities; the new
  ones can be found on ftp.linux.org.uk in
  /pub/linux/Networking/PROGRAMS/NetTools (source only, I'm afraid).

  Note that they cannot be used just like the old-style programs; see
  the NET-2 HOWTO for instructions on how to set up networking
  correctly.



  [1m9.5.  ld: unrecognized option '-m486'[0m

  You have an old version of ld.  Install a newer binutils package --
  this will contain an updated ld.  Look on tsx-11.mit.edu in
  /pub/linux/packages/GCC for binutils-2.6.0.2.bin.tar.gz.



  [1m9.6.  GCC says Internal compiler error.[0m

  If the fault is repeatable (ie, it always happens at the same place in
  the same file -- even after rebooting and trying again, using a stable
  kernel) you have discovered a bug in GCC.  See the GCC Info
  documentation (type Control-h i in Emacs, and select GCC from the
  menu) for details on how to report this -- make sure you have the
  latest version though.

  Note that this is probably not a Linux-specific problem; unless you
  were compiling a program many other Linux users also compile you
  should not post your bug report to any of the comp.os.linux groups.

  If the problem is not repeatable you are very probably experiencing
  memory corruption -- see Q9.7 `make says Error 139'.



  [1m9.7.  make says Error 139[0m

  Your compiler driver (gcc) dumped core.  You probably have a
  corrupted, buggy or old version of GCC -- get the latest release.
  Alternatively you may be running out of swap space -- see Q6.8 `My
  machine runs very slowly when I run GCC / X / ...' for more info.

  If this doesn't fix the problem you are probably having problems with
  memory or disk corruption.  Check that the clock rate, wait states and
  refresh timing for your SIMMs and cache are correct (hardware manuals
  are sometimes wrong, too).  If so you may have some dodgy SIMMs or a
  faulty motherboard or hard disk or controller.

  Linux, like any Unix, is a very good memory tester -- much better than
  DOS-based memory test programs.

  Reportedly some clone x87 maths coprocessors can cause problems; try
  compiling a kernel with maths emulation [Q7.6 `How do I
  upgrade/recompile my kernel ?']; you may need to use the no387 kernel
  command line flag on the LILO prompt to force the kernel to use it, or
  it may be able to work and still use the 387, with the maths emulation
  compiled in but mainly unused.

  Much more information about this problem is available on the WWW at
  http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~wolff/sig11
  <http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~wolff/sig11>



  [1m9.8.  shell-init: permission denied when I log in.[0m

  Your root directory and all the directories up to your home directory
  must be readable and executable by everybody.  See the manpage for
  chmod or a book on Unix for how to fix the problem.



  [1m9.9.  No utmp entry.  You must exec ... when I log in.[0m

  Your /var/run/utmp is screwed up.  You should have

     > /var/run/utmp


  in your /etc/rc.local or /etc/rc.d/*.  See Q6.11 `I have screwed up my
  system and can't log in to fix it.' for how to be able to do this.
  Note that utmp may also be found in /var/adm/utmp or /etc/utmp on some
  older systems.



  [1m9.10.  Warning -- bdflush not running.[0m

  Modern kernels use a better strategy for writing cached disk blocks.
  In addition to the kernel changes, this involves replacing the old
  update program which used to write everything every 30 seconds with a
  more subtle daemon (actually a pair), known as bdflush.

  Get bdflush-n.n.tar.gz from the same place as the kernel source code
  (Q7.6 `How do I upgrade/recompile my kernel ?') and compile and
  install it; it should be started before the usual boot-time filesystem
  checks.  It will work fine with older kernels as well, so there's no
  need to keep the old update around.



  [1m9.11.  Warning: obsolete routing request made.[0m

  This is nothing to worry about; it just means that the version of
  route you have is a little out of date compared to the kernel.  You
  can make the message go away by getting a new version of route from
  the same place as the kernel source code (Q7.6 `How do I
  upgrade/recompile my kernel ?').



  [1m9.12.  EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem.[0m

  You need to run e2fsck (or fsck -t ext2 if you have the fsck front-end
  program) with the -a option to get it to clear the `dirty' flag, and
  then cleanly unmount the partition during each shutdown.

  The easiest way to do this is to get the latest fsck, umount and
  shutdown commands, available in Rik Faith's util-linux package (Q2.5
  `Where can I get Linux material by FTP?').  You have to make sure that
  your /etc/rc* scripts use them correctly.

  NB: don't try to check a filesystem that's mounted read-write -- this
  includes the root partition if you don't see

     VFS: mounted root ... read-only


  at boot time.  You must arrange to mount the root filesystem readonly
  to start with, check it if necessary, and then remount it read-write.
  Read the documentation that comes with util-linux to find out how to
  do this.

  Note that you need to specify the -n option to mount to get it not to
  try to update /etc/mtab, since the root filesystem is still read-only
  and this will otherwise cause it to fail!



  [1m9.13.  EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached.[0m

  This message is issued by the kernel when it mounts a filesystem
  that's marked as clean, but whose `number of mounts since check'
  counter has reached the predefined value.  The solution is to get the
  latest version of the ext2fs utilities (e2fsprogs-0.5b.tar.gz at the
  time of writing) from the usual sites (Q2.5 `Where can I get Linux
  material by FTP ?').

  The maximal number of mounts value can be examined and changed using
  the tune2fs program from this package.



  [1m9.14.  EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached.[0m

  Kernels from 1.0 onwards support checking a filesystem based on the
  elapsed time since the last check as well as by the number of mounts.
  Get the latest version of the ext2fs utilities (see Q9.13 `EXT2-fs
  warning: maximal count reached').



  [1m9.15.  df says Cannot read table of mounted filesystems.[0m

  There is probably something wrong with your /etc/mtab or /etc/fstab
  files.  If you have a reasonably new version of mount, /etc/mtab
  should be emptied or deleted at boot time (in /etc/rc.local or
  /etc/rc.d/*), using something like

     rm -f /etc/mtab*

  Some versions of SLS have an entry for the root partition in /etc/mtab
  made in /etc/rc* by using rdev.  This is incorrect -- the newer
  versions of mount do this automatically.

  Other versions of SLS have a line in /etc/fstab that looks like:

      /dev/sdb1   /root   ext2   defaults


  This is wrong.  /root should read simply /.



  [1m9.16.  fdisk says Partition X has different physical/logical ...[0m

  If the partition number (X, above) is 1 this is the same problem as
  Q9.17 `fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary'.

  If the partition begins or ends on a cylinder numbered beyond 1024
  this is because standard DOS disk geometry information format in the
  partition table can't cope with cylinder numbers with more than 10
  bits.  You should see Q4.1 `How can I get Linux to work with my large
  disk ?'.



  [1m9.17.  fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary[0m

  The version of fdisk that comes with many Linux systems creates
  partitions that fail its own validity checking.  Unfortunately if
  you've already installed your system there's not much you can do about
  this, apart from copying the data off the partition, deleting and
  remaking it, and copying the data back.

  You can avoid the problem by getting the latest version of fdisk, from
  Rik Faith's util-linux package (available on all good FTP sites).
  Alternatively, if you are creating a new partition 1 that starts in
  the first cylinder, you can do the following to get a partition that
  fdisk likes.

  1. Create partition 1 in the normal way.  A p listing will produce the
  mismatch complaint.

  2. Type u to set sector mode and do p again.  Copy down the number
  from the "End" column.

  3. Delete partition 1.

  4. While still in sector mode recreate partition 1.  Set the first
  sector to match the number of sectors per track.  This is the sector
  number in the first line of the p output.  Set the last sector to the
  value noted in 2. above.

  5. Type u to reset cylinder mode and continue with other partitions.

  Ignore the message about unallocated sectors - they refer to the
  sectors on the first track apart from the Master Boot Record, which
  are not used if you start the first partition in track 2.



  [1m9.18.  fdisk says partition n has an odd number of sectors.[0m

  The PC disk partitioning scheme works in 512-byte sectors, but Linux
  uses 1K blocks.  If you have a partition with an odd number of sectors
  the last sector is wasted.  Ignore the message.
  [1m9.19.  mtools says cannot initialise drive XYZ[0m

  This means that mtools is having trouble accessing the drive.  This
  can be due to several things.

  Often this is due to the permissions on floppy drive devices
  (/dev/fd0* and /dev/fd1*) being incorrect -- the user running mtools
  must have the appropriate access.  See the manpage for chmod for
  details.

  Most versions of mtools distributed with Linux systems (not the
  standard GNU version) use the contents of a file /etc/mtools to
  discover which devices and densities to use, in place of having this
  information compiled into the binary.  Mistakes in this file often
  cause problems.  There is often no documentation about this --
  distribution packagers please note that this is *evil*.

  For the easiest way to access your DOS files (especially those on a
  hard disk partition) see Q3.2 `How do I access files on my DOS
  partition or floppy ?'.  Note -- you should never use mtools to access
  files on an msdosfs mounted partition or disk !



  [1m9.20.  At the start of booting: Memory tight[0m

  This means that you have an extra large kernel that means that Linux
  has to do some special memory-management magic to be able to boot
  itself from the BIOS.  It isn't related to the amount of physical
  memory in your machine.  Ignore the message, or compile a kernel
  containing only the drivers and features you need (Q7.6 `How do I
  upgrade/recompile my kernel ?').



  [1m9.21.  You don't exist. Go away.[0m

  This is not a viral infection :-).  It comes from various programs
  such as write, talk and wall, if your invoking uid doesn't correspond
  to a valid user (probably due to /etc/passwd being corrupted), or if
  the session (pseudoterminal, specifically) you're using isn't properly
  registered in the utmp file (probably because you invoked it in a
  funny way).



  [1m10.  X Windows[0m



  [1m10.1.    Linux X Windows?[0m

  . Linux   Free86 (    3.3.1 
      X11R6).       
       Free86.    Linux XFree86 HOWTO 
   .

      Linux    
   .

  ,          ,
    /pub/Linux/X11/Xfree86-*  sunsite.unc.edu   mirror
  sites.  XFree86 HOWTO   .



  [1m10.2.       XF86Config     ;[0m

    Linux XFree86 HOWTO.

         F86Config ,
            
   .         --   
       Free,  /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/etc.  To  
        README.Config.

          xf86config.
     ConfigXF86  o       
  .

        comp.os.linux.x  
   XF86Config,      .



  [1m10.3.  xterm logins show up strangely in who, finger.[0m

   xterm      Free86 2.1    
           Linux  
  /var/adm/utmp ,        
  .        .

      XFree86 3.1       .



  [1m10.4.        Windows   .[0m

    Free86  HOWTO --     
  .

       comp.windows.x.i386unix --  
  FAQ    .

         Windows  Free86 
   comp.os.linux.x    Linux-specific.



  [1m11.      .[0m

             
      .

  Please let me know if you find the answer to a problem you had here,
  as unused questions in this section will eventually disappear (Q13.1
  `Feedback is invited').


  [1m11.1.   Emacs  core.[0m

      Emacs      
      X11;       .
     Slackware     /usr/bin/emacs
  symbolic link     emacs-19.29-no-x11 ( man ln).
     Slackware 3.0's E6 disk.


  [1m11.2.   fdisk       nnn sectors [0m
  [1m  partition.[0m


    Linux    Minix filesystem,   
       64b   partition. 
         filesystems 
     ,   ext2fs (   
  Extended Filesystem,   filesystem  Linux).

        ext2fs   .


  [1m11.3.   GCC       [0m
  [1m .[0m

     GCC         
         
          static.

            GCC   2.7., 
      swap .


  [1m11.4.        Virtual Consoles.[0m

       Kernel    0.99pl14-alpha-n. 
    Linux    modifier  (Shift, Alt, Control
  .)            
     .        
         (    ) --   
     Linux      
  .

                X
  Windows.         Ctrl  Alt
       F-key  VC    .



  [1m12.       ;[0m



  [1m12.1.        .[0m

            . 
      ,       
        .     
                
     ;

             ,
   mail If you think an answer is incomplete or inaccurate, please
  mail Robert Kiesling at <kiesling@terracom.net.

        Linux --  Q2.1 Read the
  appropriate Linux Documentation Project books -- see Q2.1 `Where can I
  get the HOWTOs and other documentation ?'.

      Unix   FAQ  
  comp.unix.questions,      comp.unix.*  
     .

   Linux     Unix,     
      Linux.   FAQs ,    FAQs
      rtfm.mit.edu  /pub/usenet/news.answers (
  <mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu>       , '
      FTP ).   mirrors  rtfm's FAQ
  archives   sites-    *.answers
  posting,posted,    news-answers/introduction  
  .

     HOWTO      Check the
  relevant HOWTO for the subject in question, if there is one, or an
  appropriate old-style sub-FAQ document.  Check the FTP sites.

     --      
    Unix   Linux.

    .   manpages ( man man  
     manpages.  man -k <subject>--   
       manpages.

      nfo  ( C-h i, .. Control H 
      Emacs) -- NB:      
  Emacs;       GCC    
   .

        README ,  
      .

          .  
        --    
    .

    comp.os.linux.announce --    
         Linux.

        linux  
  comp.windows.x.i386unix,   sto comp.os.linux.x.  
      (  FAQ),     .

            
     comp.os.linux.* newsgroup.  
      , Q12.2 `    
  ',.



  [1m12.2.  T     .[0m

            
    email.      
           
      .

            
       .

           ,
   :

         .    
            .  standard 
               
     --version.

     release  Linux  (MCC, Slackware, Debian 
     )   .

            .

       ,    
     .  A transcript of an example session is a good way of
     showing this.
       configuration     
          .

       kernel     .  
       kernel     uname -a  
       ls -l /lib/libc.so.4.

        hardware  ,   .

     M        mail   
         ,    
        .

  N      .  
    ` ' `Linux', `'  `' -- 
   .       ,   
     ,    , .

        `unable to handle kernel paging
  request'       Linux kernel
  sources README          
  .            
            
     kernel  .

         .

   ,     mail    
    .     
  Followup-To: .         
   .    mail--k .  
    (     .  
     comp.os.linux.announce.

     mail    .  
          ,   
            
    .

          FAQ   
  HOWTOs--          mail
  .

        email   
         .



  [1m12.3.     mail       .[0m

          
       .   o  
    Linux distribution  ,    
  .

      mail      
   .

  ,          
   Linux    ,     
    ,      
  .




  [1m13.     FAQ,    .[0m



  [1m13.1.     [0m

         FAQ.

       FAQ   .   
      .

  Please send them to <kiesling@terracom.net>.

  A     ()   FAQ  
            
  ,          
       .

  I prefer comments in English to patchfiles -- I write the FAQ in a
  different internal format anyway, so I can't use a patchfile.



  [1m13.2.     FAQ  .[0m

     ( )     
  ASCII,   Emacs Info,  HTML World Wide Web ,
  PostScript   USENET news posting.

  To ASCII,Emacs Info, HTML  posted    Lout typesetter
   (     PostScript)    
    Perl         Bizarre
  with No Name.

  T   linux-faq.ascii, .info  .ps    
  tar linux-faq.source.tar.gz,     BFNN  
        Perl,   
     ,  Linux FTP sites.

  The HTML version of this FAQ is available as
  http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/iwj10/linux-faq/index.html and is
  mirrored at www.li.org and other sites.

  H USENET     comp.linux.announce,
  comp.os.linux.answers, comp.answers  news.answers.



  [1m13.3.  Authorship and acknowledgements.[0m

  This FAQ is compiled by Robert Kiesling <kiesling@terracom.net>, with
  assistance and comments from others too numerous to mention.

  Special thanks are due to Matt Welsh, who moderated
  comp.os.linux.announce and comp.os.linux.answers, used to coordinate
  the HOWTOs and has written substantial portions of many of them, to
  Greg Hankins, who currently coordinates the HOWTOS, to Lars Wirzenius,
  who currently moderates comp.os.linux.announce, to Marc-Michel
  Corsini, who wrote the original Linux FAQ, and to Ian Jackson, the
  previous FAQ-maintainer.

  Thanks also to the many people who have sent comments and suggestions;
  they are too numerous to list here, but their input has been
  invaluable.


  Last but not least, thanks to Linus Torvalds and the other
  contributors to Linux for giving us something to write about !



  [1m13.4.  ***Disclaimer and Copyright.[0m

  Note that this document is provided ``as is''.  The information in it
  is *not* warranted to be correct.  Use it at your own risk.

  Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers is copyright (C) 1997 by
  Robert Kiesling <kiesling@terracom.net>. Portions are Copyright 1994,
  1995, 1996 by Ian Jackson, the previous Linux FAQ maintainer.

  Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers may be reproduced and
  distributed in its entirety (including this authorship, copyright, and
  permission notice), provided that no charge is made for the document
  itself, without the author's consent.  Portions may be reproduced for
  such purposes as reviews, advertising, and derivative works like
  translations, with the author's consent.

  Note that this restriction is not intended to prohibit charging for
  the service of printing or copying a document supplied by your
  customer.

  Exceptions to these rules may be granted.  I would be happy to answer
  any questions about this copyright. Email me at
  <kiesling@terracom.net>.  These restrictions are here to protect the
  contributors, not to restrict you as educators and learners.



  [1m14.     [0m


        Linux-FAQ,  Robert
  Kiesling.   Linux-Hellenic-FAQ      
    Hellenic-HOWTO,     
  .

         ,   
        ,      
       .   
     FTP sites,  .    ,   
    "..."        
     /.

       :

    1,2,3          gef@hellug.gr,   FAQ  .

    4              emav@

    5              louther@/mike@

    6,7,8          mike@

    10,11,12,13    sakalis@

    14             gef@


  [1m14.1.  TODO[0m

         :

    3.6  (gef)

    9 louther@

    13.3, 13.4 (gef)

    14 +credits (gef)

      (, ?),  .

       FAQ,  /.

     .

        .


  [1m14.2.     [0m


           FAQ.

    , ,     .
      <gef@hellug.gr>.

          ,  
               ,
            
  .

    patchfiles, HTML    ,  
  FAQ      SGML.



  [1m14.3.        [0m

         ASCII, Emacs Info ,
  HTML , Postscript   news  USENET
  (comp.os.linux.answers)

   ASCII, Emacs Info, HTML     
    SGMLTOOLS,   Makefile      
   SGML   FAQ.

   FAQ     :

    Linux-Hellenic-FAQ.html html   928 (  
     windows-1253)

    Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.html html,   greeklish 
          

    Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.txt txt, greeklish   
     greeklish,     70Kb.

    Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.sgml sgml,     
     FAQ,      Makefile   sgml-tools  
      .







