  NFS HOWTO
  Nicolai Langfeldt janl@linpro.no
  v1.0, 1  1999

     NFS servers  clients.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


























































  1. 

     1.1  
     1.2 
     1.3 
     1.4  
     1.5 

  2. README.first

  3.   NFS server

     3.1 
     3.2  
     3.3  portmapper
     3.4  mountd  nfsd

  4.   NFS client

     4.1   mount
     4.2   NFS

  5.  NFS   

  6.   NFS

     6.1    client
     6.2    server :  nfsd
     6.3    server :  portmapper
     6.4  NFS   firewalls
     6.5 

  7.      mounting  NFS

  8. FAQs

  9.  export  filesystems

     9.1 IRIX, HP-UX, Digital-UNIX, Ultrix, SunOS 4 (Solaris 1), AIX
     9.2 Solaris 2

  10.  NFS  Linux 2.2

     10.1  client
     10.2  server

  11. NFS server   

     11.1 
     11.2 
     11.3 
     11.4   server
        11.4.1    NFS server
        11.4.2  mount     cd-rom
        11.4.3      server
        11.4.4      NFS
     11.5   NFS server
        11.5.1 ,   
     11.6  
        11.6.1   
     11.7  
        11.7.1  DOS
        11.7.2  rpc

  12. PC-NFS

  ______________________________________________________________________

  [1m1.  [0m

  [1m1.1.   [0m

  (C)opyright 1997-1999 Nicolai Langfeldt  Ron Peters. 
    copyright.    , 
      .     FAQ (
  )   NFS FAQs,   o Alan Cox. 
            
  mount,    IBM Corporation.   nfs-server-on-a-
  floppy    by Ron Peters.


  [1m1.2.  [0m

    Nicolai Langfeldt  Ron Peters,    , 
   ,  '      
     ,      
  .      '  
  ,  !


  [1m1.3.  [0m

          ,  
   e-mail          ,
           HOWTO. ,
   , , /   janl@math.uio.no,  
  rpeters@hevanet.com ,    NFS server    .
    e-mail   ,   
             
  .          e-
  mail server.


  [1m1.4.   [0m

        HOWTO,   , 
         ! :-)


      Olaf Kirch,   '   
   ,        ! :-)


  [1m1.5.  [0m

    HOWTO   Anne Line Norheim Langfeldt.  
        ,    
   .  - Nicolai





  [1m2.  README.first[0m

   NFS, .  Network File System,   
   :


         (sharing)   '  .


         .

            , 
          crackers,   
          (, , )
         .


         , '   HOWTO. ,
           
    ,       
       .     
          ,  '
      IP's, ,    .
      ,      Networking
  HOWTO,      administration   TCP/IP,
       TCP/IP.   ,    
  ,   SysAdmin  /  UNIX/Linux.     
       [4mTCP/IP[24m [4mNetwork[24m [4mAdministration[24m  Craig Hunt,
   O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.       
  ,          - 
      ! ;-)


      ,      
    NFS,   [4mMount[24m [4mChecklist[24m  [4mFAQs[24m.
  ,  ,      .


   site  nfsd   Linux 2.0   : ftp.mathematik.th-
  darmstadt.de:/pub/linux/okir,        
     compile .


       NFS  Linux 2.2,  
   : `` NFS  Linux 2.2''.


  [1m3.    NFS server[0m

  [1m3.1.  [0m

         HOWTO,   
      telnet  server  client,   
   .   telnet  ,  
  Networking/NET-3 HOWTO,     .


  [1m3.2.   [0m

      ,,    
   NFS server.       
  ,     NFS servers  . 
   SysAdmins      '   /,  
     HOWTO  '   '   /,
         ,  
      ,  ``  NFS client'' .


       /     Linux  server,
       ,  '  
    NFS serving   export  filesystems  
  NFS.      '    HowTo,   
        . , , 
     ,      
       HowTo. '   
  '   ,         
     ,   /   server.


   ,    `` NFS   Linux 2.2'' , 
     .


     ,     
  .


  [1m3.3.   portmapper[0m

   portmapper  Linux   portmap ,  rpc.portmap. 
      man  /     
   "  DARPA    RPC".   
      '  '    HowTo. 
        ,   `` 
  NFS''.        .


    portmapper.   portmap ,  rpc.portmap ,
        directory /usr/sbin (  
  /  rpcbind).        , 
          boot  / , 
         rc scripts.    scripts
      man    init, 
     dirs /etc/rc.d, /etc/init.d , 
  /etc/rc.d/init.d.    script     inet ,
     script    . ,  
     ,        HowTo.
    portmap,    ,  : ps aux
    rpcinfo -p. ; .


  ,   :      portmapper  
       /etc/hosts.allow  /etc/hosts.deny .
     rpcinfo -p ,   portmapper  , 
     .   ``  NFS'' , 
    '   .


  [1m3.4.   mountd  nfsd[0m

            
  mountd  nfsd.  ,     ,  
    /etc/exports .      filesystem /mn/eris/local
  ,      / eris ,     /
  apollon. ,        /etc/exports 
  eris :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  /mn/eris/local  apollon(rw)
  ______________________________________________________________________



       apollon  read/write 
  /mn/eris/local.   rw ,      ro,  
  "  " (read only -    ,  default
   read only).         ,
          . ,
      man   exports ,    
        . ,  
  ,       exports    
  hosts.      (groups)  , 
    NIS ( NYS -  NIS    " ",
  Yellow Pages, YP),     wildcards   domains  
   (subnets)  IP's,   hosts  
    .         
       server,   
    .

  [1m :   exports      , [0m
  [1m  *nix's. [22m     HOWTO  
    exports   *nix's.


  ,     mountd (   
  rpc.mountd),    nfsd (   rpc.nfsd).   
      exports.


     /etc/exports ,       nfsd
   mountd     .    
     exportfs,     Linux  
   exportfs.       ,  
     script  /  :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  #!/bin/sh
  killall -HUP /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd
  killall -HUP /usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd
  echo re-exported file systems
  ______________________________________________________________________




      /usr/sbin/exportfs,      chmod
  a+rx . ,      exports  ,  
   exportfs  root.


  ,    mountd  nfsd  .   
  rpcinfo -p.     ,    :


  ______________________________________________________________________
     program vers proto   port
      100000    2   tcp    111  portmapper
      100000    2   udp    111  portmapper
      100005    1   udp    745  mountd
      100005    1   tcp    747  mountd
      100003    2   udp   2049  nfs
      100003    2   tcp   2049  nfs
  ______________________________________________________________________



   ,  portmapper     (services)
  ,    mountd  nfsd.


     rpcinfo: can't contact portmapper: RPC: Remote system
  error - Connection refused, RPC_PROG_NOT_REGISTERED,   ,
    portmapper  . ',     
  /etc/hosts.{allow,deny} ,    portmapper '
  .    ``  NFS''  
   '   .     No remote programs
  registered. ,    portmapper     , 
    .  kill  nfsd  mountd,  
   portmapper,   '  .


       portmapper    (services)
  ,       ps.  portmapper   '
   ,        
   . ,    ps   , 
       .


  ,      rc  / ,  
     boot  mountd  nfsd,   
  portmapper.        scripts  
   / ,         
  ,     /    init run.


    man,        ' 
    : portmap, mountd, nfsd,  exports.


  ,         ,   
    NFS client.


  [1m4.    NFS client[0m

         NFS filesystem  compiled
   ,    module.     compile
   .      compile  ,  
         Kernel HOWTO. 
    cool distribution (  RedHat)   
     ,    modules (   
   ;-) ),  nfs      .


   ,  root prompt,      mount,
      filesystem.    
   ,    mount  directory
  /mn/eris/local   / eris.       :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  mount -o rsize=1024,wsize=1024 eris:/mn/eris/local /mnt
  ______________________________________________________________________




  (    rsize  wsize.)  filesystem
      dir /mnt ,     cd ' ,
    ls ,      -.    
  nfs    ,    file system,  
      ftp. ,     mount 
  filesystem,  mount    ,   : mount:
  eris:/mn/eris/local failed, reason given by server: Permission denied
  ,     exports  ,     
  exportfs     exports.     : mount
  clntudp_create: RPC: Program not registered ,     nfsd
    mountd    server. ',     
   ,    hosts.{allow,deny} .


   '    filesystem,    :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  umount /mnt
  ______________________________________________________________________




      / mount  nfs filesystem   boot,
    /etc/fstab    .   ,
        :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  # device      mountpoint     fs-type     options       dump fsckorder
  ...
  eris:/mn/eris/local  /mnt    nfs        rsize=1024,wsize=1024 0    0
  ...
  ______________________________________________________________________




   . ,      .


  [1m4.1.    mount[0m

    ,       
  .     ,     NFS client
      server,      .
          NFS,    
     ,     clients.
        :


     [1msoft[0m
         NFS client       (process) 
             '  NFS filesystem. 
             ,  . 
                ,
                 
        .         
         e-mail servers - ,    e-mails .

     [1mhard[0m
                 NFS filesystem,
         ,    server.     
         ,     kill,    
          intr.     NFS server  on-
        line,       ,  ,
            ,  .  
         hard,intr    NFS filesystems.



      ,     fstab 
     :






  ______________________________________________________________________
  # device      mountpoint     fs-type    options    dump fsckorder
  ...
  eris:/mn/eris/local  /mnt    nfs        rsize=1024,wsize=1024,hard,intr 0 0
  ...
  ______________________________________________________________________





  [1m4.2.    NFS[0m

  ,      rsize  wsize,  NFS
        4096  8192 bytes. 
    Linux       
    ,        
      . ,   ,  
    rsize  wsize  ,    
  .         
    .      mount,  
       ,      
       :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  time dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/testfile bs=16k count=4096
  ______________________________________________________________________




      64MB   bytes ( ,  
           -
    ,    ). 
  - (5-10;) ,       .  
     ""   .  
  ,      ,  
    :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  time dd if=/mnt/testfile of=/dev/null bs=16k
  ______________________________________________________________________



    ,    .   umount, 
  mount    rsize  wsize.    
    1024     16384 bytes,  
       version 2  NFS.    mount
    ,  cd  mounted filesystem,   
  ls.     filesystem,     
    .   rsize/wsize   ,  
   [4m[24m ,   100% .     
        ls,   
   . ',      , 
    .       rsize/wsize
   ,     
  .    server    
    .  SunOS   Solaris  
        4096 bytes,   ,
  .



      Linux (  1.3  ) 
    rsizes      ""   /.
  ( CPUs  Intel,      4096 bytes.) 
    [4m[24m     NFS. , 
  /  CPU Intel,   -  , ,   -
  rsize  4096 bytes.


      /etc/fstab ,     
   rsize/wsize  .


     '      NFS,  
     (synchronous)   server. 
    NFS       NFS  
   ,       
      (  ).    
   ,    (asynchronous)  
        NFS .  nfsd 
  Linux    ,      
  filesystem  Linux. ,  servers     Linux,
   '    '   ,  
  exports     :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  /dir    -async,access=linuxbox
  ______________________________________________________________________




    . ,    (  
  man;)  /    exports.     
      .


  [1m5.   NFS   [0m

       modems,  ISDN,  
     .


           
  ,      . ,
   ,    ! ;-)


        ,    NFS  
  .   .     NFS  
   ,       
  kermit.   [4m[24m.       NFS.
   FTP  .  HTTP  .  rcp  ssh 
  .


     ; Ok.


   default   NFS     , 
    .     default 
      ,    NFS   
       ,       
   '   ,      
  .

        ,   [4m[24m  
   soft mount.     timeouts   
    software,        
    .       
   . ,   hard mount option.
    hard  ,  timeouts  
   ,    ,  
  software  .  ,      .


        ,    
    mount timeo  retrans .    man
   nfs(5),       :


  ______________________________________________________________________
         timeo=n             ,  
                              RPC timeout. 
                        default   7   .
                           timeout,  timeout 
                        ,    '  
                        timeout  60 ,    
                        ,      time-
                        out. ,   filesystem   hard mounted,
                           timeouts   
                            ,  
                           .  
                        timeout   60 .  
                           , 
                         timeout '     , ' 
                         server,    routers  gateways.

         retrans=n          timeouts   
                          ,    
                        timeout.  default   3 timeouts. 
                           timeout,  
                              ,  
                            "server not responding"
                        ( server  ).
  ______________________________________________________________________




  '   :          timeout
   0.7  (700ms),  NFS client    ,
      timeout  1.4 .    
     1.4 ,    ,  
  timeout    2.8 .


          ping    
      rsize/wsize.













  ______________________________________________________________________
  $ ping -s 8192 lugulbanda
  PING lugulbanda.uio.no (129.240.222.99): 8192 data bytes
  8200 bytes from 129.240.222.99: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=15.2 ms
  8200 bytes from 129.240.222.99: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=15.9 ms
  8200 bytes from 129.240.222.99: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=14.9 ms
  8200 bytes from 129.240.222.99: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=14.9 ms
  8200 bytes from 129.240.222.99: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=15.0 ms

  --- lugulbanda.uio.no ping statistics ---
  5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss
  round-trip min/avg/max = 14.9/15.1/15.9 ms
  ______________________________________________________________________




  ,          ping,  
   -  lugulbanda. ( 15ms   .)  
   28 kbps      4000-5000ms,   
    ,        -
       .     
  ,     " ". ,  
       ,   .
     timeo       . , 
     ,       
   :       FTP  NFS
  ,        ping 
    FTP   ,  '   timeo
          .




  [1m6.    NFS[0m

         /.    
   [4m[24m       .
  ,    :        
        NFS,     
  ,       ,   
    . (... :  "bridge" .)


        ,    [4m[0m
  ,     ,    
         /  . , 
           , 
       ,      
   ,     .   
  ;   .      [4m[0m
   .  ,      
      .  [4m[24m    
    SysAdmin,      
        .


   NFS    ,   client (    
   )   NFS server,  . 
   '   :  ,   root account  server
  hack,     hack   root account 
  client,  .    , 
    .



      ,      CERT
  (... : site     Internet, www.cert.org)  
  NFS.       ,  
  ,     CERT   .  
  ftp.cert.org:/01-README       
  CERT.      ,    NFS :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  CA-91:21.SunOS.NFS.Jumbo.and.fsirand                            12/06/91
       Vulnerabilities concerning Sun Microsystems, Inc. (Sun) Network
       File System (NFS) and the fsirand program.  These vulnerabilities
       affect SunOS versions 4.1.1, 4.1, and 4.0.3 on all architectures.
       Patches are available for SunOS 4.1.1.  An initial patch for SunOS
       4.1 NFS is also available. Sun will be providing complete patches
       for SunOS 4.1 and SunOS 4.0.3 at a later date.

  CA-94:15.NFS.Vulnerabilities                                    12/19/94
       This advisory describes security measures to guard against several
       vulnerabilities in the Network File System (NFS). The advisory was
       prompted by an increase in root compromises by intruders using tools
       to exploit the vulnerabilities.

  CA-96.08.pcnfsd                                                 04/18/96
       This advisory describes a vulnerability in the pcnfsd program (also
       known as rpc.pcnfsd). A patch is included.
  ______________________________________________________________________




  [1m6.1.     client[0m

    client,  '     ( 
      mount)     
   server.  ,  '    suid 
    NFS filesystem,    nosuid. (  
   ,  '          
   NFS.)    root user  server     
  suid-root    filesystem,   login  client
    ,      suid-root
   ,     root  client.  
           mounted
  filesystem,    noexec.     
  ,   filesystem    [4m[0m
  scripts  ,    .    
       rsize  wsize,    
  .


  [1m6.2.     server :  nfsd[0m

   server,  '      root
  account  client. ,     
  the root_squash  exports :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  /mn/eris/local apollon(rw,root_squash)
  ______________________________________________________________________



  ,     userID 0  client   
   (, , )  filesystem,  server
    UID       "nobody account"
   server.     root   client   
    '  ,    root  server .  
  ,      root_squash   
  filesystems   export. "-   root user  client
         su,   
    ,       '  
  !", .  ,    : ,   ,
        *nix's    NFS. , ,  
    :    binaries   
      own  root,   bin,    -root
  account,     account,      
    root user  client,   root account  server. 
   man  NFSd      
  squash,  '     ()   
   clients. ,      squash '
    UID  GID .     man
    Linux NFSd.


   ,   root_squash   default  
  Linux NFSd.     root '  filesystem, 
  no_root_squash.


    ,      nfsd   
           (privileged
  port).       port,  
          , 
      Internet,  ""    nfs, 
              .
  !  nfsd  Linux     ,  
          .  ,
          nfsd  
  .


    :    export  filesystem  localhost, 
   127.0.0.1 .  !


  [1m6.3.     server :  portmapper[0m

    portmapper,     nfsd,   
  ,           NFS
  servers,     (privileges). ,  portmapper
       Linux distributions, 
      ,    
  ,        
  .


       Linux distributions!  
   [4m[24m   portmapper,   , 
   '        . 
        man   portmapper,  
    portmapper [4m[24m  .      
   portmapper     ,     
  strings(1)         /etc/hosts.deny
   /etc/hosts.allow.    portmapper   
  /usr/sbin/portmap,        : strings
  /usr/sbin/portmap | grep hosts.    /,   
  :




  ______________________________________________________________________
  /etc/hosts.allow
  /etc/hosts.deny
  @(#) hosts_ctl.c 1.4 94/12/28 17:42:27
  @(#) hosts_access.c 1.20 96/02/11 17:01:27
  ______________________________________________________________________




      /etc/hosts.deny.    
   :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  portmap: ALL
  ______________________________________________________________________



        [4m[24m.     
  '   ,    rpcinfo -p   
    portmapper     ,    
  . ( rpcinfo     , , ,  
  .) [4m[24m        
  portmapper.


      portmapper      .
    ,    /etc/hosts.allow.
   ,         .
  ,       /    
    portmapper .   /  Linux, 
   /    root   .  portmapper
    : nfsd, mountd, ypbind/ypserv, pcnfsd,   "r"
  services,   ruptime   rusers.   ,   nfsd,
  mountd, ypbind/ypserv,     pcnfsd,   .
    /      ,   
  .       /   129.240.223.254 ,
        129.240.223.0 ,  
   /   ' . (     
  Networking HOWTO.  ,  '    
    .) ,    :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  portmap: 129.240.223.0/255.255.255.0
  ______________________________________________________________________



    hosts.allow.        
     route,     (subnet mask) 
    ifconfig.    eth0  / ,  ifconfig
     :











  ______________________________________________________________________
  ...
  eth0      Link encap:10Mbps Ethernet  HWaddr 00:60:8C:96:D5:56
            inet addr:129.240.223.254  Bcast:129.240.223.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
            UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
            RX packets:360315 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0
            TX packets:179274 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0
            Interrupt:10 Base address:0x320
  ...
  ______________________________________________________________________



     netstat -rn    :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  Kernel routing table
  Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref Use    Iface
  ...
  129.240.223.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0   174412 eth0
  ...
  ______________________________________________________________________



  (      .)

    hosts.deny  hosts.allow   
  man     .


  [1m : [4m[22m[24m  ,,   [4m[24m [4mIP[24m  
    portmapper    .  
     /,    
    portmapper,      
  ,       
  portmapper, ...


          server . 
   (, !)   ,     
  root  ""  (    MS-DOS), 
           
   (secure) port,      
    .


  [1m6.4.   NFS   firewalls[0m

        firewall  nfs,    
  portmap  ports  router   firewall .  nfsd   port
  2049,    udp    tcp .  portmapper  
  port 111 (  tcp   udp),   mountd  ports 745  747
  (tcp  udp). .  ,     ports  
   rpcinfo -p.


  ,    ,   NFS    firewall,
      NFSds  mountds,   
      (, , ) ,   
     firewall.




  [1m6.5.  [0m

     : hosts.allow/deny, root_squash, nosuid, 
    (privileged)   ports  software
   portmapper/nfs, '       bugs 
  nfs,         '
  [4m[24m.  ,    ' '  :    
     ,      
  .forward ,      ,   export 
  NFS  /home,   /var/spool/mail.    ,   
  '         PGP   nfs.
  ', ,        
   .         !


   NFS   portmapper    ,  
      '   bugs,   
  ,        .
           , 
       . ,    ! 
   , ,      ,
       newsgroups comp.os.linux.announce
   comp.security.announce,       
  .


  [1m7.       mounting  NFS[0m

       : "    
  mounting  NFS",  IBM Corporation.    IBM,
          '    HOWTO.
      ,     mount '  NFS
  filesystem,     '   ,  
      .       
  ,    .


  1.  mount   : RPC:  Program not registered (
         / ).


       portmapper;

     [1m : [22m .

       mountd;

     [1m : [22m .

       nfsd;

     [1m : [22m .

        /etc/hosts.deny   portmapper '
     ;

     [1m : [22m      hosts.deny, 
         hosts.allow,   portmapper  
        .


  2.   export  filesystem,    export  
      client.


     [1m : [22m export.
  3.    /        
     exports.


      :     exports    export   /
     johnmad,     / johnmad  
     johnmad.austin.ibm.com. ,     mount.


     [1m : [22m export       .


         ,   client   
     (interfaces)   ,    export
        .


     [1m : [22m export     .


         ,   server    
     lookuphostbyname  lookuphostbyaddr (  library functions)
      client.    client    host <name>;,
     host <ip_addr>;,         /.


     [1m : [22m    /.


  4.  filesystem  mount     NFS (
      server). '   ,  server  export
       mount point,   mounted filesystem.


     [1m : [22m  NFSd,    .


     [1m : [22m clients   mounted   mount point,
            server    .


  5.       server  client (
          make).


     [1m : [22m  .


        HOWTO     NTP   
     .         
     NTP   ,     NTP    Debian,
     RedHat, Slackware,  
     ftp://ftp.hacktic.nl/pub/replay/pub/linux,   mirror .


  6.  server     mount  ,   
       8  (groups).


     [1m : [22m    ,    
     ,   mount    .





  [1m8.  FAQs[0m

         (FAQs).  
            Alan Cox, 
  FAQs   NFS.


         mount  filesystem, 
          , 
  "    mounting  NFS".


  1.    ,   : "stale nfs handle" ( =
         nfs),    Linux 
     nfs server.


         bug     nfsd. 
         nfs-server2.2beta16  .


  2.     mount  filesystem,  :



         can't register with portmap: system error on send







  (. "     portmapper,   
  ")


      Caldera.   bug  rc
  scripts. ,    Caldera,     
   .


  3.       ,     NFS
     server;


          nfsd    cache  ""
       (open file handles),   
       ( ,     ). 
      nfsd     (     
        ' ),        
     .  nfsds      ()
       1995,       
     .    '   .


  4.     NFS      (read only)


      NFS server  Linux       .
     ,    " mountd  nfsd",  "
     export  filesystems", '    HOWTO,    
     man   exports   nfsd.   '   
     /etc/exports.


  5.  mount   NFS server  Linux,     ls
     ,        .


         Linux,     NFS
     server  : rsize=1024,wsize=1024.


  6.  mount   NFS server  Linux,   block 
     3500  4000,   /  .


     ,   .       2.0 
     2.2 . ,       ,    
        1.2 .


  7.   Linux   NFS   TCP;


        .


  8.     ,     mount
       /  Linux.


            8   . 
      servers    .


  9.    / ,   ,  
       unmount   NFS ( server).


     [1m [22m unmount  NFS servers     
        /,   .   
     ,     unmount.     : umount
     -avt nonfs.


  10.
      NFS clients  Linux  ,    / Sun
      BSD.


        NFS   . (, ,
        ,      
       .)  ,     
     BSD       blocks. , 
      4 kB  (  /  Linux)    1 kB
        BSD,      :



                   4 kB
                 1 kB
                 4 kB  
                   4 kB
                 1 kB
                 4 kB  
               . . .




  11.
        clients  NFS server  Linux,  
      .


       NFS   (fragmented)  UDP. 
              
      ,     .   2.2, 
        runtime   /proc filesystem :
     /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ipfrag_high_thresh  ipfrag_low_thresh. 
     2.0 ,        compilation 
     ,    : .../linux/net/ipv4/ip_fragment.c,
     IPFRAG_HIGH_THRESH,  IPFRAG_LOW_THRESH.    
     ,         
      UDP      ("ipfrag_high_thresh") 
     bytes (256 kB     2.2.3  2.0.36), 
          ("ipfrag_low_tresh").   
      .        
     ,           , 
       server   .


      256 kB     30 clients.   60,
      .      .


  12.
       Linux 2.2 ( )   knfsd,  
        mount  / ,  AIX, IRIX, Solaris, DEC-
     Unix...


      knfsd      3  NFS,   
     .   ,       
     .   . ',    "vers=2" 
          mount  clients.


  13.
       AIX 4 /      mount  NFS server 
      Linux.   :



               mount: 1831-011 access denied for server:/dir
               mount: 1831-008 giving up on:
               server:/dir
               The file access permissions do not allow the specified action.







  (. : "     server", " 
  server:/dir", "       
    .")

    .


   AIX 4.2   ports (   1024)   NFS.
   AIX 4.2.1  4.3     ports. , 
  AIX AIX 4.2.1  4.3    mount    NFS3,
    NFS/TCP,    NFS/UDP.
  


  ______________________________________________________________________
  nfso -o nfs_use_reserved_ports=1
  ______________________________________________________________________




     rc.tcpip,      
   ports. (       Brian Gorka.)




  [1m9.   export  filesystems[0m

  ,      export  filesytems   NFS, 
        . '  
  ,    '  ,   Linux 
  Solaris 2.           
  export    .      ,  
     .  -    : nfsd,
  system administration tool ( =   ), rc
  scripts, boot scripts, boot sequence ( =  ),
  /etc/exports, exportfs.     '    :
     export  /mn/eris/local  / apollon,  
  read/write.


  [1m9.1.  IRIX, HP-UX, Digital-UNIX, Ultrix, SunOS 4 (Solaris 1), AIX[0m

        format  Sun  export. 
  /etc/exports,  :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  /mn/eris/local -rw=apollon
  ______________________________________________________________________



        man    exports.
     ,  exportfs -av,    export
   filesystems.


          exportfs, . 
            :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  /mn/eris/local apollon
  ______________________________________________________________________



     ,    :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  /mn/eris/local rw=apollon
  ______________________________________________________________________


     .     ,   
       exportfs     
  ,   ,     .


  [1m9.2.  Solaris 2[0m

   Sun  '    ,    Solaris 2.
  ,    '    .   
  ,      /etc/dfs/dfstab.  ' ,
      (share),    
   man  share(1M).   :


  ______________________________________________________________________
  share -o rw=apollon -d "Eris Local" /mn/eris/local
  ______________________________________________________________________



    ,    shareall,   
  export  filesystems.


  [1m10.   NFS  Linux 2.2[0m

     HowTo,       Linux  
  2.2.12 ,    NFS '      .
    .


         NFS  Linux 2.4 .


        Linux 2.2     nfs
  server demon     ,   knfsd.
       nfsd   , 
       .  /  Linux 2.2  
  knfsd    nfs server. ,   
     nfsd   Linux 2.2,   
    '   ,      
  .


    source   binary ,   
      RedHat ( 6.0  ),  SuSE ( 6.1
   , ),      ,
       "knfsd" 
   .     ,  
    .        compile
     .      
   2.2  Linux (    2.2.12),  knfsd 
    .


           ,  
     knfsd  H. J. Lu.     patches
    utilities    2.2,   Lu 
     .       
  mirror     Linux,    site    :
  ftp.kernel.org:/pub/linux/devel/gcc/. [1m     [0m
  [1m" "[22m.      ,  
    compile    .     
          Linux ( RedHat,
  SuSE, ).

  ,    e-mails   '   . 
     .    servers   knfsd.
         , 
   ,      HOWTO     
   .


    ; Ok.  H. J. Lu    
      mailing list     Linux. ,
          NFS   2.2 .
   .


         knfsd :
       3  NFS. ,  
  .     ,   
    ,    "vers=2"    mount
   clients.


  [1m10.1.   client[0m

   client   .   locking,   
  compile  statd (    knfsd),   ,
        scripts .   .
      statd,   directory  
  /var/lib/nfs,      , 
    ,      dir.


     statd  ,    
   testlk ( tools/locktest),     
   locking   '  NFS filesystem. , . 
    [4mNo[24m [4mlocks[24m [4mavailable[24m,  statd  .


   ,  '    locking ( 
    ),  "nolock"     mount.


     ,     ,  
    client.


    Sparc  Alpha NFS server,     nfs client
   Linux 2.2   .     
     server   ,    
  .    ' ,  Linux 2.0 . .
  , ,        :  
   2.2  Alan Cox (      
    2.2  Linus)   patch    
   Linux 2.2   Alpha  Sparc servers.   
     2.2  Alan Cox,  
    mailing list     Linux.   
   ,          patch
  :  home site     <http://www.uio.no/~trondmy/src/>, 
            
  2.2 .    patch       Linux
  2.4,       ,   
      .    Linux 2.5 .


   trondmy   patches    Linux  
    3  NFS,        
    tcp   ,   UDP.  NFS v. 3
       ,      
    ,      .


         mailing list   
   Linux,      patches,  
      bugs  . Bugs   
   . ,  [1m [22m.


  [1m10.2.   server[0m

   nfs server demon  Linux 2.2    
  "knfsd",    . ,     
     ,      ,  
  SuSE,  RedHat,   ,     2.2 .  ,
     Linux 2.2       nfsd.
   ,     .


  [1m11.  NFS server   [0m

        Ron Peters, rpeters@hevanet.com. 
      NFS server,  boot  .  
            (
  NFS)    cd-rom   / (   
  Linux/UNIX),     Linux   /,  
   cd-rom.



  [1m11.1.  [0m

           , 
      :   Linux server '  /  
   cd-rom,       ,  
   SCSI,   . ,      
     Linux '   ,   
        . ,   
  ,         / .


     /    cd-rom,     NFS server
    Win95,       cd-rom   
     /   Linux,      .   
     (  ,     freeware
         14 ),   
   ,          
     Linux   /,    
  .


   ' ,     /   Win95   
   boot/root,       ,  
    NFS server.


     ,      
         ,    
         .







  [1m11.2.  [0m

           boot/root   
     Slackware Linux   InfoMagic. 
    2.0.34     boot/root,  
    NFS server    server  2.0.30 .
        Slackware,  
   ,  ,  ,    
    ,          .


            
  ,       Linux. ,   
     .      
    ,      
     boot/root .


     .




  [1m11.3.  [0m


     /       .  /
        NFS server,     ,  '
           .
       '      Networking
     HOWTO.

      ,    : rpc.portmap, rpc.mountd, 
     rpc.nfsd . (        ftp 
     Internet.)

     Slackware,   . (   cd's).



  [1m11.4.    server[0m


  [1m11.4.1.     NFS server[0m

        /   NFS server, 
       . ,  '
     cd-rom.    eth0   
    .



  [1m11.4.2.   mount     cd-rom[0m

     /,     boot/root.  
    RAM.


         . 
  mount   :


  mount /dev/fd0 /floppy



         ext2 filesystem. 
         DOS,     
  ,       .    
         disk image. '  
  ,   : mount -t msdos ...etc.     
      " ".


   mount  cd-rom :


  mount -t iso9660 /dev/hdc /cdrom


   devices   cd-rom      .
    ,   .  mount points /floppy 
  /cdrom    image  root ,    
  .   ,  ,   
  mount points  .



  [1m11.4.3.       server[0m

  '   ,    NFS server,   
   .    . , , 
  ,    ,      (
      ) :


  IPADDR:172.16.5.100  #      
  server.


  NETMASK:255.255.255.0  #    .


  BROADCAST:172.16.5.255 #   (255)  
    IPADDR.


  ETHNETWORK:172.16.5.0 #  ,   
     IPADDR.


  GATEWAY:172.16.5.251 #    gateway. 
      .


         .   ,  
    :


  ifconfig eth0 inet IPADDR arp netmask NETMASK broadcast BROADCAST


  route add -net ETHNETWORK netmask NETMASK eth0


     ,    gateway 
        :


  route add default gw GATEWAY netmask 0.0.0.0 eth0


     ,    ,     
    ping '  /.



  [1m11.4.4.       NFS[0m

    directory        NFS.
  (    ,  
  /cdrom/slakware.)    directory   /etc/exports :


  echo "/cdrom/slakware" > /etc/exports



  [1m11.5.    NFS server[0m

    /floppy/usr/sbin   :


   ./rpc.portmap


   ./rpc.mountd


   ./rpc.nfsd



  [1m11.5.1.  ,   [0m

  ,        directory
  "/cdrom/slakware",     /etc/exports.  
  ,     /,    
  ,    boot/root (,  
  ,       NFS server),  ' 
   .


           
  ,   NFS server.     
  ip  server.       IPADDR  server.
  ,      directory     mount.
     directory     /etc/exports  NFS
  server.


   ' ,  /   mount  NFS server.   
    .  ,    , 
      .




  [1m11.6.   [0m


  [1m11.6.1.    [0m

        . ,   
      ,   
    .


  [1m11.7.   [0m


  [1m11.7.1.   DOS[0m

     DOS   .



  [1m11.7.2.   rpc[0m

   '       rpc.* ,  
     ,   .




  [1m12.  PC-NFS[0m

       PC-NFS.     samba.


   samba      PC-NFS,     Windows
  3.xx for Workgroups,       Windows.
      .  . !









































