   Linux Partition HOWTO
  Kristan Koehntopp, kris@koehntopp.de
   2.4, 3  1997

    , ,     
         :
  panos@veria1.freeserve.co.uk   mini-HOWTO  
             
    Linux.    ,  , 
        (swap)  ,
   ,     .    
     ,     
       .
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


  1. 

     1.1   ;
     1.2    ;   HOWTO.

  2.  ,    ;

     2.1    
     2.2    

  3.   ;

     3.1   ;
     3.2        ;
     3.3       ;
     3.4         
     3.5          

  4.  

     4.1     

  5.      



  ______________________________________________________________________

  [1m1.  [0m

  [1m1.1.    ;[0m


       Linux Mini-HOWTO.  Mini-HOWTO  
          Linux  
    .  mini      
         HOWTO     .
   HOWTO    :     
   (man pages).


  [1m1.2.     ;   HOWTO.[0m


    mini-HOWTO       
           Linux. 
    ,  ,     
      ,  ,  
    .        ,
           
  .

  ,           
  ,     .   
          .  ,
           Linux 
            
   . ,        
          . :-)

    mini-HOWTO      
    .      fdisk, LILO, mke2fs 
     .   HOWTO   
  . ,   Linux HOWTO Index   
  Linux HOWTO.     index    
    HOWTO.

            
        ,   "Linux
  Multiple Disks Layout mini-HOWTO",   Gjoen Stein
  <gjoen@nyx.net>.

          
   1024 ,   "Linux Large Disk mini-HOWTO", 
  Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>.

            
  (quotas),   "Linux Quota mini-HOWTO",  Albert M.C. Tam
  <bertie@scn.org>

           
  ,       
   .   "Linux ADSM Backup mini-HOWTO", 
  Thomas Koenig <Thomas.Koenig@ciw.uni-karlsruhe.de>   
        Linux   IBM ADSM . 
   "Linux Backup with MSDOS mini-HOWTO",  Christopher Neufeld
  <neufeld@physics.utoronto.ca>     
    Linux  MS-DOS.

           HOWTO,   Linux
  HOWTO Index,  Tim Bynum <linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu>.

  ,   /usr/src/linux/Documentation   
   .   ide.txt  scsi.txt   
             
   filesystems/.


  [1m2.   ,    ;[0m


      ,     
     ,     
      . ,     
          .   
   :         
        .

             
  :          
           
   . ,      
    .        ,
       .
        .    
             
    . ,   
    ,   
        .

            
       .      
          
            
   .  ,     
       ,    
           
      fdisk.

   ,      
  [4m[24m       (  ).
   ,     "fips"  
   MS-DOS          Linux
       MS-DOS.     
      ,   ;


  [1m2.1.     [0m


          .  ,
      ,     
          .

  :    ,    ftape  
      .  SCSI:  Linux  
   SCSI.     ASPI ,  
   HMA     SCSI ,  
  ,   CD-ROMs  .   I/O ,
    IRQ   Master/Slave  PIO.

  :   SCSI      I/O 
     .       
      .     
   Linux   USENET       ISP
        SCSI.


  [1m2.2.     [0m


         Intel  
     :     
            
   .     
  .        
  ,    .    
   :       
  ,         
  .

    ,       
      .   
  ,       
  " "        
         .  
            
  .       : 
  fdisk        
  .
  o Linux         
    . ,  Linux  4  
  (3   ,    )  
   15      SCSI (63   
   IDE).

   Linux,      .  
       c (  =character,
      -buffer chache)   b (
   =block,       ). 
  Linux,      block .   
   Unix ,  Linux    
   (raw character)      
  .

              
   ,       :



       ______________________________________________________________________
       $ ls -l /dev/hda
       brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   0 Jul 18  1994 /dev/hda
                                          ^    ^
                                          |    minor device number
                                          major device number
       ______________________________________________________________________




      ,    
           
  /.          
            
  .         
     .  IDE   
    /usr/src/linux/Documentation/ide.txt.   SCSI ,
       
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/scsi.txt,    .  
          
  (/usr/src/linux/driver/scsi/sd.c:184-196).     
       Peters Anvin 
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt;    
  block ,  3, 22, 33, 34  IDE   8  SCSI
  .        byte    
         .

   ,        
           .
    IDE    /dev/hd*   SCSI 
  /dev/sd*.     a, b, c ,   /dev/hda
     IDE    /dev/sda     SCSI
  .       ,
     block .       
         ,
            
      .    ,  , 
     .

         1, 2, 3  4. 
  /dev/hda1        IDE  .
      5  ,  /dev/sdb5  
       SCSI .


           
     .       (
  byte)        
   .      , 
           .

   Linux    082    
  083  ""   (ext2 ).   
     Linux/Minix    
  081.   OS/2    007      NTFS
    Windows NT.  MS-DOS    
      FAT  : 001, 004  006
   .  DR-DOS   081   
  FAT  ,     Linux/Minix 
   ,     Linux/Minix    DR-DOS
   .      
       005.

         fdisk.  
          fdisk  
   fdisk ( FDISK.EXE)   .  fdisk,
    DOS,      
   .       
       ,   
    1024        
        .  , 
  fdisk  MS-DOS      NTFS,  fdisk 
  OS/2     ""  
     fdisk  Linux     
  ,    ,  DOS   OS/2,   
      1024  (  "large-disk"
  mini-howto     ).


  [1m3.    ;[0m

  [1m3.1.    ;[0m


  ,    ; ,  
            
    . ,      
         MS-DOS, OS/2 
  Linux    .    
       ,     
        .

        BIOS  
    1024 . ,      
       1024   
  ,     . ,   "large-disk"
  mini-howto,   .

      Linux,    
  .          (
     LILO),        
  BIOS.          (
       LOADLIN.EXE   MS-DOS)  
     .   ,   
    083 "Linux native".

         .  
      ,    
      .    
       Linux      
    BIOS,       
   .       (/dev/?d?5
   ).       
   0x82 "Linux swap".

      .     
      Linux.  .


  [1m3.2.         ;[0m


          ,
      ,      
     :


     Linux,   RAM       
            (   
         Unix).     8MB RAM  12MB
      ,     20MB  .

          ,    
      16MB   . ,  4MB RAM 
       12MB   ,  8MB RAM 
       8MB   .

     Linux,        
      128MB. ,       
     128MB,       .  
       128MB  ,   
     .

        ,    
         .

         " ".    
              .
      Linux        (
            
     )       RAM   . 
         " "    
            .

               
        RAM.       
      ,         
         (    
              
     ).        
        .      
        "thrashing".

               
        RAM.        
             
      .

            PDP   Vax   
           25%   
     .         
            RAM.

            .   
            
       .      
             
     ,       .

       ,  xv    JPEG     
       .       
      ,         xv
       .       
         ,     .
     ,    -     -  
              
          .

          25%       
              
     ,          
     .

       16MB RAM,     
        48MB   .  
            
  ( ;).


  [1m3.3.        ;[0m



       ,    .

          .    
         ,    . 
         ,    
      .

                 
         ,     
        .

      ,          
           .

              
     .           
          ,     
               .

        ZBR (zone bit recording). 
         .   
     ,       
          .     
      .

            .    
         ,    
     home      ,  
             home,  
        .      
            .

  [1m: [22m         
       .    :
              
   .

  [1m : [22m  RAM.


  [1m3.4.          [0m


            
     (blocks).  ext2,     
       ,     
     .

       .     
  . ,   ,     
  .        ,
            
  .  Tanenbaum    " " 
    " ".

             
      (inodes)   .



       ______________________________________________________________________
       # df -i
       Filesystem           Inodes   IUsed   IFree  %IUsed Mounted on
       /dev/hda3              64256   12234   52022    19%  /
       /dev/hda5              96000   43058   52942    45%  /var
       ______________________________________________________________________




    12000   /   44000   /var.
     1KB,  6+22 = 28MB   
    .      4KB,  
   4   .

    , ,     
  .  ,  ext2       8
      .    
   ,     .

             ,
         .   
            
  .   " "  
  ""        
  DOS.

   ext2        
  . ,     
     ext2,        
     USENET.      
    ext2,         
     ext2.  ,     .

   MS-DOS        .  
      buffer cache,   
        .  
    DOS      
          
      .     
        Linux   ext2.   
    Linux      
  ,       5%   
  .


   MS-DOS        
  .     256KB,    DOS
          (
        FAT32).

   ext2        
    ,       
    0.5TB ( terabytes  1TB = 1024GB)  ,  
      . ,     DOS,
             
       .   1KB 
   .        2KB  
  ,      .


  [1m3.5.         [0m
  [1m [0m


    ext2,         
          
       .

       .   
  ,          
   .          
    ,  ,      .
   ,   /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/bin 
          :
     .   /home    
     :   .   /var
    :     /var/spool/news  
       ,   
  /var/spool/lpd       .

          
           .  
          .

            
      (   ).  
            
    (   )     
  (        
    /   -   
   ).

         .

      ,    
     !     !  
          
   !

           
      .      
        . , ,
          /  /home .


  [1m4.   [0m

  [1m4.1.      [0m



       /, /home  /var  
  .        
          
      .    : 
       USENET      /var
     (/var/spool/mail  ).   ,
   /         (
       )     
        ( 250  500MB,   
     ).  /home  
   ,      
  .      /home  
     .

      /tpm   ,  
       /var/tmp     
   (       single user
  mode,   /var         
       /var)     RAM disk (
    Solaris  ).    /tmp    /, 
   .

           :
      (   /etc)   /home
  ,   /,     
     /home.


  [1m5.       [0m


       ISA 386/40,     
     .      
    X-Windows      .

     :   386    16MB RAM.  
   EIDE ,       (800MB),  
   ethernet.       Hercules 
     .   Linux     NFS,
  SMB, HTTP, LPD/LPR, NNTP server     
   POP3.    ISDN      
  TCP/IP router  firewall.

          /var,
  /var/spool/mail, /var/spool/news  /var/htppd/html.    /var
   ,  .      
   ,    home     
  /home       NFS.

  Linux  -Windows      
      250MB  /.    16MB RAM,  
    servers. 16MB     , 32MB
    .  ,      32MB. 
      MS-DOS  20MB .
      /home   ,   
  500+MB    /var.       
   USENET.

  







  ______________________________________________________________________
  Device    Mount point                       Size
  /dev/hda1  /dos_c                           25 MB
  /dev/hda2  - (swap space)                   32 MB
  /dev/hda3  /                               250 MB
  /dev/hda4  - (extended partition)          500 MB
  /dev/hda5  /var                            500 MB

  homeserver:/home /home                     1.6 GB
  ______________________________________________________________________




          
     homeserver.      
     CD-ROM        
      /etc,   , 
   *.tgz    /root/Source/Installed  
  /var/spool/mail  /var/httpd/html.     
  /home/backmeup  homeserver  ,   
     homeserver  .












































