   LINUX Sound HOWTO
  Jeff Tranter, tranter@pobox.com
  v1.19, 23  1998

         Linux  .
  ,      hard-
  ware  ,  ported hardware ,    
    drivers  ,  ,    
   .        
           Usenet news groups 
     (mailing lists).
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents




















































  1. 

     1.1 
     1.2 Revision History
     1.3    
     1.4 Feedback
     1.5  

  2.   

  3.  Hardware

     3.1  
     3.2  Drivers 
     3.3  
     3.4  

  4. 

     4.1    
     4.2   
     4.3   Device files
     4.4   Linux    
     4.5 Troubleshooting
        4.5.1  1:         compile.
        4.5.2  2:    drivers      compile.
        4.5.3  3:         ;
        4.5.4  4:       dsp device ;
        4.5.5 O   

  5.     

     5.1    sound device files;
     5.2        ;
     5.3        ;
     5.4        ;
     5.5 Error: No such file or directory for sound devices
     5.6 Error: No such device for sound devices
     5.7 Error: No space left on device for sound devices
     5.8 Error: Device busy for sound devices
     5.9    device busy errors!
     5.10    (Partial playback)  
     5.11     MOD 
     5.12  compile   compilation  
     5.13 SEGV         
     5.14  bugs        drivers ;
     5.15      sound driver ioctls() . ;
     5.16  CPU resources          ;
     5.17    PAS16   Adaptec 1542 SCSI host adaptor
     5.18         (samples) ;
     5.19  SB16   IRQ 2,   configure     
     5.20   "SoundBlaster AWE32"   "SoundBlaster16 ASP";
     5.21   Linux     DOS,   /        
     5.22    DOOM   Linux
     5.23            ;
     5.24     ,    
     5.25  ""           MS-DOS.
     5.26    ,       16-bit SoundBlaster,    8-bit mode   Linux.
     5.27         Linux ;
     5.28    compile  driver        module;
     5.29               ;
     5.30 T   VoxWare
     5.31  Plug and Play  ;
     5.32  Sox/Play/Vplay   "invalid block size 1024"
     5.33   driver        ;>
     5.34    mixer       module  driver 
     5.35    root    
     5.36    IBM ThinkPad;

  6. 



  ______________________________________________________________________

  [1m1.  [0m


       Linux Sound HOWTO.   
           
        Linux.     
           Linux, 
           
            .

          pertaining to Linux.
           
  ,        [4m[24m.



  [1m1.1.  [0m


        
  (documentation)      driver ,   
  Hannu Savolainen  (hannu@voxware.pp.fi).    Hannu 
      drivers    
  (utilities)     Linux.

     SGML Tools,   HOWTO   
  formats          
  (source file).



  [1m1.2.  Revision History[0m




     [1m1 [0m
        .    mailing list "SOUND channel of Linux
        activists"



     [1m 1.2[0m
         . H     archive sites



     [1m 1.3[0m
          SGML.     formats
           Linuxdoc-SGML  Matt Welsh's.
               format,   
         



     [1m 1.4[0m
        minor tweaking of SGML.     
          PAS16  Adaptec1542A SCSI adaptor



     [1m 1.5[0m
          2.5a  driver     
         1.1.     GUS-MAX.  
        



     [1m 1.6[0m
              "no space on device".
            Hacker's Guide   ""
        directory.      (bidirectional)
        mode.     "device busy".  
        



     [1m 1.7[0m
            ASP  AWE32.   VoxWare 2.9
         .        IRQ2.
          Sound  SCSI HOWTOs



     [1m 1.8[0m
                DOS.  
                2.90  driver
        .     DOOM.     
        



     [1m 1.9[0m
              clone cards



     [1m 1.10[0m
           HOWTO    WWW,  
        ,   .    DMA conflict 
         QIC tape driver.    Sound Galaxy NX Pro 
        Logitech BusMouse



     [1m 1.11[0m
            (  ).  
             GPL    
         3.0  driver .    drivers 
            .  
         configuration  troubleshooting.   HTML
        links.     format  CD-ROM HOWTO



     [1m 1.12[0m
         drivers    1.3.34.   sound device.
         1542 address   334    333.  
          Creative Labs Emu  ASP.    Web
        sites  Creative Labs  MediaTrix



     [1m 1.13[0m
            VoxWare.    
               .
           Plug and Play.    
         block size.    xconfig  menuconfig. 
        modutils    sound device.   mailing list
        vger.    Web site  .   
         


     [1m 1.14[0m
         Audio Excell DSP16      (  
            ).   
        configure.      HOWTO.  
              (mixer)   
        module  .       2.0. 
           driver .      root 
         sound device



     [1m 1.15[0m
                
        .      . 
         links       .
              . 
             


     [1m 1.16[0m
              Hannu Savolainen.
          "-----"
        .  URL  web    .  link 
         .      
        



     [1m 1.17[0m
           .  GUS driver. Packet
        radio modem.   Linux Multimedia guide   
         .     mini-HOWTOs.  
          IBM ThinkPad



     [1m 1.18[0m
           .   
               MIPS.  
             .    
         root    fuser



     [1m 1.19[0m
           .     LDP
         GPL




  [1m1.3.     [0m


          
  comp.os.linux.answers newsgroup. ,    
   ftp sites       
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/>.

  Hypertext     Linux HOWTOs   
   World-Wide-Web sites,   
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/>.    Linux CD-ROM
    HOWTOs,     directory /usr/doc, 
          .
     HOWTOs       CD-
  ROM, ftp sites,      .  
     HOWTO       ,
           Internet.

       
  <ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub2/linux/french/docs/HOWTO/>.


       
  <http://yebisu.ics.es.osaka-u.ac.jp/linux/>.

       
  <http://www.psy.unipd.it/ildp/docs/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO.html>.

       
  <http://www.insflug.nova.es/howtos/online/sonido/sonido-COMO.html>.

       
  <http://linux.ntcic.edu.tw/~yorkwu/linux/howto/sound/>.


       
  <http://members.iWorld.net/mangchi/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO.html>.

          Linux HOWTOs
   
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations/>  
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations/>.

         ,    
      .



  [1m1.4.  Feedback[0m


   , , ,    
     HOWTO,  email    :
  voulariba@hellug.gr     : evris@hellug.gr 
   : ep@rocketmail.com

    HOWTO         
     .     , , 
  ,     tranter@pobox.com,   
          .

   ,  ,       
        Linux.    , 
          HOWTO,  
        .    
            Linux.

        CD-ROM   ,  
     .       
  .        Linux
  Documentation Project       
  .       Linux HOWTO, Tim
  Bynum   <mailto:linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu>,  
  .



  [1m1.5.   [0m

  Copyright (c) 1995-1998   Jeff Tranter.     
           
   LDP   <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/COPYRIGHT.html>.




  [1m2.    [0m


        [4m[24m    
   ,          
     .       
  ,           
    .

     [4m[24m,       
    .     [4m[24m,  
    .       
   [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m(Analog[24m [4mto[24m [4mDigital[0m
  [4mConverter[24m [4m(A/D[24m [4m[24m [4mADC))[24m      (voltages) 
         , 
       . ,  [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m(D/A[24m [4m[24m [4mDAC)[24m   
             ,
   .

          , 
   ,   .   
         .  [4m[0m
  [4m[24m         
   (       Hertz). 
         
   .        
       ,   
  bits.       ,  
      .

        8  16 bit  
     4000  44,000   .
          (mono)  
  (stereo).   FM (FM Synthesis)     
   .      (.
  , triangle, square).  FM synthesis   
    hardware   D/A ,    
       .   
   FM synthesis       
  .        
    [4m[24m.

  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m(Wavetable[24m [4mSynthesis)[24m 
      D/A     
   FM synthesis.         
      ,   , 
  ,        CPU. 
        wavetable
  synthesis.         
  [4m[24m [4m(mixing)[24m,        
         (gain levels).  [4mMIDI[0m
      Musical Instrument Digital Interface,  
       hardware   software  
        .   
     MIDI  (bus)     MIDI
       (editing)  
  (playback).      MIDI interface.   
  ,    MIDI    on-board
     .   [4mMOD[24m     format 
      .     
           
     ( ).  MOD    
  computers Amiga,         
  ,   Linux.

  [1m3.   Hardware[0m


            interfaces 
       Linux.   
      Linux,      .

   driver        (versioning).  
      Linux    2.0.33, 
    driver    3.5.4-960630.

   Hannu Savolainen   driver      beta
    driver       
   Linux.        
     <http://www.4front-tech.com/ossfree/new_cards.html>
  (USA)   <http://personal.eunet.fi/pp/voxware/new_cards.html>
  ().        driver 
            
      - .  
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound/Readme.cards    
  sound driver       
           
  .

       HOWTO    Linux   
   Intel.

   driver         
     Alpha.   ,     
   (conflict)    - (I/O ports) 
     Alpha       
  i386, '           
            .  
      ,  driver     
     Linux  PowerPC,     . 
         (port)  Linux 
  MIPs,    MIPs  EISA slots / 
  hardware .       Linux-MIPs
         .

     Linux    driver  Atari 
  Amiga       driver  
   Intel,    (built-in) sound
  hardware   .

     (port)  Linux  SPARC   .
    Amiga   Atari,   SPARC  
  hardware ,          
     driver (     Linux 
  /dev/dsp   sound device  SunOS!).

  [1m3.1.   [0m



           Linux kernel sound
     driver:

    ATI Stereo F/X (  )

    AdLib (  )

    Ensoniq SoundScape (      
     Reveal  Spea)

    Gravis Ultrasound

    Gravis Ultrasound ACE

    Gravis Ultrasound Max

    Gravis Ultrasound      16 bit

    Logitech Sound Man 16

    Logitech SoundMan Games

    Logitech SoundMan Wave

    MAD16 Pro (OPTi 82C928, 82C929, 82C930, 82C924 chipsets)

    Media Vision Jazz16

    MediaTriX AudioTriX Pro

    Microsoft Windows Sound System (MSS/WSS)

    Mozart (OAK OTI-601)

    Orchid SW32

    Personal Sound System (PSS)

    Pro Audio Spectrum 16

    Pro Audio Studio 16

    Pro Sonic 16

    Roland MPU-401 MIDI interface

    Sound Blaster 1.0

    Sound Blaster 16

    Sound Blaster 16ASP

    Sound Blaster 2.0

    Sound Blaster AWE32

    Sound Blaster Pro

    TI TM4000M notebook

    ThunderBoard

    Turtle Beach Tropez (""   Plus)

    Turtle Beach Maui

    Yamaha FM synthesizers (OPL2, OPL3  OPL4)

    6850 UART MIDI Interface


       Plug and Play (PnP)    
        ( PnP)   .
   ,  SoundBlaster16 PnP      
  SoundBlaster16.       Soundscape PnP  GUS
  PnP.       Plug and Play , 
   .

     [4m[24m ,     
          
         driver:



    Pro Audio Spectrum (original)

    Pro Audio Spectrum+

       (Sierra Aria based)  Diamond


            
      [4m[24m     
    hardware (i.e. register level).

           
    "SoundBlaster",   '     
      Linux SoundBlaster driver.    
       MSS/WSS  MAD16 driver.
      SoundBlaster    
  Creative Labs,     Creative's custom chips (..
  SoundBlaster16 Vibra),  MV Jazz16   ESS688/1688 based 
     SoundBlaster driver.     
   "16 bit     SoundBlaster Pro"  
  SoundBlaster driver    .

     Linux    SCSI   
    (.. ProAudioSpectrum 16)   
   (proprietary) interface    CD-ROM (..
  Soundblaster Pro).       SCSI HOWTO
   to CDROM HOWTO.

   loadable module      joystick,
          ,
    .

      drivers  SCSI, CD-ROM, joystick  ,
      .     
       drivers      WWW site
   Hannu Savolainen      .



  [1m3.2.   Drivers [0m


    "" drivers  , 
      Linux,  
     driver .

      Linux driver     4Front
  Technologies.        
        Linux.   
      Web   4Front Technologies 
  <http://www.4front-tech.com/>.

   Markus Mummert (mum@mmk.e-technik.tu-muenchen.de)   
   (package)  driver    Turtle Beach MultiSound
  (classic), Tahiti,  Monterey.     :


       "      
             
            .  
        wave synthesis, MIDI    
       (digital signal processor - DSP)   
       .  ,    
          .    
       VoxWare       s 
         1.0.9  1.2.1.  ,   
          UN*X SysV386R3.2."



      
  <http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~mccreary/tbeach>.

   Kim Burgaard (burgaard@daimi.aau.dk)    device driver
     (utilities)   MIDI interface Roland
  MPU-401.     Linux software map :


       " device driver    MIDI interfaces 
        Roland MPU-401 (  Roland SCC-1 
        RAP-10/ATW-10).      
        ,   
       MIDI File player  recorder.



              0.11a. 
        ,  driver    
        IRQ (IRQ sharing policy)    stan-
       dards   interface   modules  . 
       ,    ..  
        (beat)   ,  interface
       replay/record/overdub  ,  ."


     
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/sound/mpu401-0.2.tar.gz>.

   Jaroslav Kysela       driver
      Gravis UltraSound.     
  <http://romeo.pf.jcu.cz/~perex/ultra>,  home page  Linux
  UltraSound Project.

          Linux   modem  packet
  radio.     2.1.x   driver  
    SoundBlaster     Windows Sound System, 
     1200 bps AFSK  9600 bps FSK.    Linux
  AX25 HOWTO   (  ,   
   -- callsign VE3ICH).

  [1m3.3.   [0m


    driver   ,   
   hardware .     
  .      software   driver
    , ,    ,   
          CPU.
    ,      
    .    ,  
         driver.

       1.1,     
  <ftp://ftp.informatik.hu-berlin.de/pub/os/linux/hu-sound/>




  [1m3.4.   [0m


          
          .
             PC,
        CPU.   driver  
  PC,   ,     
         hardware.



  [1m4.  [0m



      Linux      
   :


  1.    .

  2.         .

  3.   device files.

  4.    Linux    .

            
  .



  [1m4.1.     [0m


          
  hardware           
   .

          jumpers  
  IRQ,  DMA, .     .  
   ,   ,  
  , .     conflicts  
   (..   ethernet ,  SCSI,  
   )   .


           I/O port,
  IRQ,  DMA,    DOS.   ,
   , (   PnP )   
          
     Linux.



  [1m4.2.    [0m


      Linux    precompiled .
       .    
  compile        drivers  . 
      compile       
            
   .

       Linux Kernel HOWTO
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html>  
      .     
       .

            , 
      [4m[24m   Readme   
   drivers   ,      
     .       
  kernel sound driver directory,  
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound:


  CHANGELOG         -     
  COPYING           - copying  copyright restrictions
  Readme            -      
  Readme.aedsp16    -       Audio Excel DSP 16
  Readme.cards      -      
  Readme.linux      -     drivers   
  Readme.modules    -    build  driver  loadable kernel module
  Readme.v30        -     3.0  driver 
  experimental.txt  -    




          . 
    3  interfaces    . 
  "make xconfig",    user interface    X11.
     "make menuconfig"   menu-based system 
     menu  .   ,
    "make config",    interface  
  .

          "make xconfig"
    "make menuconfig".   /    
  .         
  ,          .
     "/dev/dsp  /dev/audio support"
  (CONFIG_AUDIO)     .

          
  compile,  "make config",      
    .

           . 
     ""  (      
  2.0.0).   standalone      
  driver .         
        drivers " "
  (miroSOUND, AWE32,  AEDSP16 cards).

      ""      
     configuration     
     .         
    firmware.     PSS, SM Wave,
  AudioTrix Pro  TurtleBeach Tropez/Maui.     
      .

         "make xconfig". 
    "make menuconfig"     
  ""  ""     .    "make
  config"    "" .   , 
     ""   ,   
     "make config" .      
    "make menuconfig"    "" .

          "make menuconfig"  
   ""   .   
   (   )    
   .

        driver   loadable module
   .      driver  . 
    ,     
   kernel module.

    make config,     
   "y"  



       Sound card support (CONFIG_SOUND) [M/n/y/?]





          ,    compile
     ,  ,     
        .   
              
        .  , 
    "yes"    (PAS16)    PAS16.
         , 
    .   drivers (  MPU-401)  
   conflict    SCSI      
   boot.

        .  
      "y" ()  "n" ().  
   "[Y/n/?]"  "y"   "[N/y/?]"    
     "n".     
  ,   Enter,       
      .

      ("?")     
     .

           . 
          
     .      
   , .

     [1mOld configuration exists in /etc/soundconf. Use it [Y/n/?][0m
            compile     
        ,        .  
            ,   "y".
                 , 
            "n"     
        .


     [1mProAudioSpectrum 16 support [Y/n/?][0m
          "y" [4m[24m   a Pro Audio Spectrum [4m16[24m,
        ProAudio Studio 16 or Logitech SoundMan 16.   'y' 
               Media Vision 
         Logitech       PAS16.



     [1mSoundBlaster support [Y/n/?][0m
          "y"      SoundBlaster 
        Creative Labs    100% (  Thunderboard   SM
        Games).          
                Readme.cards
             .     
           "y'"      
          SoundBlaster.



     [1mGravis Ultrasound support [Y/n/?][0m
         "y"   GUS  GUS MAX.  "n"   
        GUS    driver   .



     [1mMPU-401 support (NOT for SB16) [Y/n/?][0m
            .  MPU-401 interface 
             .   ,  
           (natively)   
        drivers   MPU-401.     MPU-401 
             conflict.  , 
          MPU-401       
        MPU-401      .  
                ,
                
        Readme.cards.     "y"    
          MPU-401 MIDI interface.


     [1m6850 UART Midi support [Y/n/?][0m
            "n"    ,  
        .   6850 UART interface  .



     [1mPSS (ECHO-ADI2111) support [Y/n/?][0m
         "y"    Orchid SW32, Cardinal DSP16  
             PSS chipset (AD1848 codec +
        ADSP-2115 DSP chip + Echo ESC614 ASIC CHIP).



     [1m16 bit sampling option of GUS ([4m[22mnot[24m [1mGUS MAX) [Y/n/?][0m
         "y"     16 bit sampling
        daughtercard  GUS.   "n"   GUS MAX.
           ,   
         GUS MAX.
     [1mGUS MAX support [Y/n/?][0m
         "y"    GUS MAX.



     [1mMicrosoft Sound System support [Y/n/?][0m
           ,   "y"   
        .     "y"    
        Windows Sound System card  Microsoft   Aztech, SG 16 Pro
        ( NX16 Pro).      "y"  
                   
        .      VoxWare,
              
        Readme.cards.  drivers     MSS
               conflict.



     [1mEnsoniq Soundscape support [Y/n/?][0m
         "y"       chipset Ensoniq
        SoundScape.      
        Ensoniq, Spea   Reveal ( Reveal   
          ).



     [1mMediaTriX AudioTriX Pro support [Y/n/?][0m
         "y"    AudioTriX Pro.




     [1mSupport for MAD16 and/or Mozart based cards?[0m
         "y"      Mozart (OAK OTI-601) 
        MAD16 (OPTi 82C928  82C929)  .    
            '     
               . , 
         MAD16      
             Turtle Beach
        (Tropez),  Reveal (  ),  Diamond ( 
        ).



     [1mSupport for Crystal CS4232 based (PnP) cards [Y/n/?][0m
         "y"      chipset Crystal
        CS4232.



     [1mSupport for Turtle Beach Wave Front (Maui, Tropez) synthesizers[0m
        [Y/n/?]"   "y"      
        .



     [1mSoundBlaster Pro support [Y/n/?][0m
                 
        SoundBlaster Pro   SoundBlaster 16.   
            SoundBlaster Pro.   "n"
         ,       "y".



     [1mSoundBlaster 16 support [Y/n/?][0m
              SoundBlaster 16
        (   AWE32).



     [1mAudio Excel DSP 16 initialization support [Y/n/?][0m
                Audio Excel
        DSP16.    Readme.aedsp16  
        .



  To         
     .      "y"
        .  "n"   
        .



     [1m/dev/dsp and /dev/audio support (usually required) [Y/n/?][0m
          "n",   /dev/dsp  /dev/audio,
          A/D  D/A.  "y".


     [1mMIDI interface support [Y/n/?][0m
          "n",   devices /dev/midixx  
             MIDI  
        /dev/sequencer  /dev/music.     
          MPU-401 /   General MIDI.



     [1mFM synthesizer (YM3812/OPL-3) support [Y/n/?][0m
          "y".



     [1m/dev/sequencer support [Y/n/?][0m
          "n",   /dev/sequencer 
        /dev/music



     [1mDo you want support for the mixer of SG NX Pro ?[0m
         "y"      Sound Galaxy NX Pro 
                (extended
        mixer functions).



     [1mDo you want support for the MV Jazz16 (ProSonic etc.) ?[0m
         "y"      MV Jazz16.


     [1mDo you have a Logitech SoundMan Games [Y/n/?][0m
         "y"      Logitech SoundMan Games.


        ,   
        .  
    I/O,    IRQ  DMA.   , 
          
    .     
   DSP      
  ""   (microcode)  .  
        a .h   
       driver   compile.  ,
            
  Readme.cards.

     :



       The sound driver is now configured.
       Save copy of this configuration to /etc/soundconf [Y/n/?]




     "y"      
    compile  ,     
         driver .

       driver ,   
   /usr/include/sys/soundcard.h  /usr/include/sys/ultrasound.h
    links     /usr/include/linux, 
       #include <linux/soundcard.h> 
  #include <linux/ultrasound.h>, .

       compile      .



  [1m4.3.    Device files[0m


    ,    device file entries 
   sound devices.       
     Linux.     
        .  
        (  
  ),   device files    .



       % ls -l /dev/sndstat
       crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root      14,   6 Apr 25  1995 /dev/sndstat




         device files   
    .   driver        
   compile     devices ( ' 
  ).

    ,       device files,
         shell script
        Readme.linux  directory
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound,     root.
  ,    Linux   script
  /dev/MAKEDEV      '   .

     PC speaker sound driver,   
             
    device files.






  [1m4.4.    Linux    [0m


              
    drivers .    
        (  
       ).

    ,       on powerup (
           
  ,        dmesg):



       Sound initialization started
       <Sound Blaster 16 (4.13)> at 0x220 irq 5 dma 1,5
       <Sound Blaster 16> at 0x330 irq 5 dma 0
       <Yamaha OPL3 FM> at 0x388
       Sound initialization complete




               
  jumper settings ( ).

         
   loadable sound driver module (   
  , ..   "insmod sound trace_init=1).

    driver   link  ,    
   "Sound initialization started"  "Sound initialization
  complete".   ,     driver 
   .    ,     
        compile 
    driver .

         "Sound initialization
  started"  "Sound initialization complete",   
    .   ,     
     driver,    ,  I/O port
  is bad     PnP     .

   driver         
   (warnings)    (boot).  
             
   driver .

         device file /dev/sndstat.  
    status device file  driver     
       driver     
  .        :














  % cat /dev/sndstat
  Sound Driver:3.5.4-960630 (Sat Jan 4 23:56:57 EST 1997 root,
  Linux fizzbin 2.0.27 #48 Thu Dec 5 18:24:45 EST 1996 i586)
  Kernel: Linux fizzbin 2.0.27 #48 Thu Dec 5 18:24:45 EST 1996 i586
  Config options: 0

  Installed drivers:
  Type 1: OPL-2/OPL-3 FM
  Type 2: Sound Blaster
  Type 7: SB MPU-401

  Card config:
  Sound Blaster at 0x220 irq 5 drq 1,5
  SB MPU-401 at 0x330 irq 5 drq 0
  OPL-2/OPL-3 FM at 0x388 drq 0

  Audio devices:
  0: Sound Blaster 16 (4.13)

  Synth devices:
  0: Yamaha OPL-3

  Midi devices:
  0: Sound Blaster 16

  Timers:
  0: System clock

  Mixers:
  0: Sound Blaster




          .  "No
  such file or directory"       device
  files (   4.3).   "No such device"    driver
          link  .
     4.2    .

      "Card config:"   /dev/sndstat  
   (: "(SoundBlaster at 0x220 irq 5 drq 1,5)"), 
        ,    
  .

             .
          ,   
      , ..:



       % cat endoftheworld >/dev/dsp
       % cat crash.au >/dev/audio




  (     ">"   ).

    ,    cat      
    ,     .   
       (  )  
    .

             
     audio devices  /dev/sndstat.     audio
  devices  ,       
  .

       "I/O error",    
            
  "dmesg".          .
       "Sound: DMA (output) timed out - IRQ/DRQ
  config error;".       driver   
   interrupt    .   
       IRQ    DMA  
   driver  .        
        DMAs  IRQs   
   .

             
        driver.     
      "  SoundBlaster (Pro/16)"
        driver  SoundBlaster.   
  ,           
     (,  ,   newsgroup
  comp.os.linux.hardware).

        
  url="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/sound/snd-
  data-0.1.tar.Z">

        .    
    (sound input),      
    :



       #  4 /    
       EDT% dd bs=8k count=4 </dev/audio >sample.au
       4+0 records in
       4+0 records out
       # play back sound
       % cat sample.au >/dev/audio




       ,   
            ' .
       mixer     
            .

       ,    , 
    ,   D/A  A/D hardware  software
  .    ,    
    .



  [1m4.5.  Troubleshooting[0m

          
   HOWTO,        .  
       .   
  ,        .






  [1m4.5.1.   1:       [0m
  [1m compile.[0m


      date stamp      
      compile   .  
         uname:



       % uname -a
       Linux fizzbin 2.0.0 #1 Tue Jun 4 16:57:55 EDT 1996 i386




      /proc/version:



       % cat /proc/version
       Linux version 2.0.0 (root@fizzbin) (gcc version 2.7.0) #1 Tue Jun 4 16:57:55 EDT 1996





    date stamp        compile
   ,      .  reboot; 
   LILO   ( 
  /etc/lilo/install);    ,   boot
     ,     ;



  [1m4.5.2.   2:    drivers   [0m
  [1m  compile.[0m

      ,      
  "dev/sndstat"   .      
             o
  build .     ,   
  configuration  to   .



  [1m4.5.3.   3:         ;[0m

            
  .          .  
    scroll     ,    
     dmesg:



       % dmesg




  



       % tail /var/adm/messages

            .  
    .       DOS 
         hardware ,  
        .    
     ,    ,      
      driver      Linux.

              ""
        DOS driver.  
   DOS     driver     
    .   (soft boot)  Linux 
  Control-Alt-Delete.     I/O   ,
    DMA  IRQ  Linux      DOS.
     Readme.cards       
  driver           
     .

            , 
     Linux drivers   .   
            
    .


  [1m4.5.4.   4:       dsp device ;[0m

        /dev/audio  
   dd       .   
      .

    ,         IRQ 
  DMA conflict       hardware (
       Linux   driver   
   ).

         hardware. 
        DOS,   ,  
     .



  [1m4.5.5.  O   [0m

  .

      ,    
        :


        HOWTO

            , 
      web   Hannu Savolainen's    Readme 
         

         newsgroup  comp.os.linux  
      Usenet newsgroup ( comp.os.linux.hardware   
     .           
        "sound"    subject  
            )

        Web/Usenet search engine  
             
       .     
     <http://www.altavista.digital.com>


           Linux (
        ,      
        )

     mail    driver 

     mail    Sound HOWTO

      emacs   Esc-x doctor :-)

             
        Linux.    
  Linux Software Map,  Internet archive sites, /   
  Linux CD-ROM       .


           
  :


        format  (.. Sox)

       (mixer utility) (.. aumix  xmix)

    player/recorder   (.. play  wavplay)

    MOD file player (.. tracker)

    MIDI file player (.. playmidi)

   text-based   GUI-based     
    .     esoteric
   (..    )    
  .



  [1m5.      [0m


            Usenet news
  groups   mailing lists.

         web   OSS
  driver .



  [1m5.1.     sound device files;[0m


     ""   device files,  
  Linux      .


     [1m/dev/audio[0m
          link  /dev/audio0

     [1m/dev/audio0[0m
        audio device   Sun workstation (  ,
          Sun ioctl interface,   u-law)

     [1m/dev/audio1[0m
         audio device (       
              )

     [1m/dev/dsp[0m
          link  /dev/dsp0

     [1m/dev/dsp0[0m
            (digital sampling)

     [1m/dev/dsp1[0m
            (digital sampling)

     [1m/dev/mixer[0m
          link  /dev/mixer0

     [1m/dev/mixer0[0m
          (mixer) 

     [1m/dev/mixer1[0m
          (mixer) 

     [1m/dev/music[0m
        high-level sequencer interface

     [1m/dev/sequencer[0m
        low level MIDI, FM,  GUS access

     [1m/dev/sequencer2/[0m
          link  /dev/music

     [1m/dev/midi00[0m
          raw MID

     [1m/dev/midi01[0m
          MIDI

     [1m/dev/midi02[0m
          MIDI

     [1m/dev/midi03[0m
          MIDI

     [1m/dev/sndstat[0m
            driver   


   PC speaker driver    devices :



     [1m/dev/pcaudio[0m
           /dev/audio

     [1m/dev/pcsp[0m
           /dev/dsp

     [1m/dev/pcmixer[0m
           /dev/mixer


  [1m5.2.         ;[0m

   Sun workstation (.au)       
   /dev/audio device.  raw samples     /dev/dsp.
  ,      ,    
     play  ,    
            
    , .

     wavplay   vplay (   snd-util) 
        WAV files. , 
    WAV    Microsoft ADPCM. ,
     play (   Lsox)    
  WAV  16 bit.

    splay     snd-util  
            
        command line.



  [1m5.3.         ;[0m


     /dev/audio   /dev/dsp    sampled
  data        .    
  vrec       , 
  , .        
  (mixer)       .



  [1m5.4.         ;[0m




    o driver         
      SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster/Pro,
  SoundBlaster16, MPU-401  MSS.     SoundBlaster
          macros SB2_BASE,
  SB2_IRQ, SB2_DMA  (  ) SB2_DMA2  
   editr  local.h.       SoundBlaster
       PAS16.

      2.0.x        make
  config,      local.h,    
   /usr/include/linux/autoconf.h.       
    :



       #define SBC_BASE 0x220
       #define SBC_IRQ (5)
       #define SBC_DMA (1)
       #define SB_DMA2 (5)
       #define SB_MPU_BASE 0x0
       #define SB_MPU_IRQ (-1)




      (      
  ):



       #define SB2_BASE 0x330
       #define SB2_IRQ (7)
       #define SB2_DMA (2)
       #define SB2_DMA2 (2)




    drivers    instances:


    GUS (  driver)

    MAD16 (  hardware)

    AudioTrix Pro (  hardware)

    CS4232 (  hardware)


  [1m5.5.  Error: No such file or directory for sound devices[0m

      device files  driver .  
       device files.   device files,
           
  (device) (   CD-ROM Linux   
     device files   ).



  [1m5.6.  Error: No such device for sound devices[0m


          driver    
   I/O      hardware.   
       compile     
        driver     hardware
  setup.



  [1m5.7.  Error: No space left on device for sound devices[0m



           
  /dev/audio  /dev/dsp       
  device files.         ,  
    partition    .     
  script     "  Device files" 
   .

         Linux 2.0    
      (RAM)      device.
  O driver      (8k)  
  RAM    DMA.       
    16M        .
         compile  
    C         
  device :



       main() {
         int i;
         char mem[500000];
         for (i = 0; i < 500000; i++)
           mem[i] = 0;
         exit(0);
       }




  [1m5.8.  Error: Device busy for sound devices[0m


            
   .        
       .     
      fuser :



       % fuser -v /dev/dsp
       /dev/dsp:             USER       PID ACCESS COMMAND
                             tranter    265 f....  tracker




    ,   fuser    
  (process) 265    .     
             
   .       fuser  root  
            .



  [1m5.9.     device busy errors![0m


     Brian Gough,    SoundBlaster 
     DMA  1     potential 
  (conflict)   tape driver QIC-02,     DMA
  1,   "device busy".   FTAPE,  
      driver.    FTAPE-HOWTO  driver
  QIC-02        FTAPE;   driver
  QIC-117 .        
   QIC-117    QIC-02,  FTAPE  o driver   
   .



  [1m5.10.     (Partial playback)  [0m


          (sound sample) 
           
  o    "missing IRQ"  "DMA timeout".  
      IRQ    DMA.   
        jumper settings   
       conflict   .

       (sound samples)  
   ("loop").      IRQ conflict.



  [1m5.11.      MOD [0m

      MOD files   CPU power. 
             
        (real time).    
   :


             mono
     mode

       

       

         (.. Gravis UltraSound)

     Gravis UltraSound,      
   mod file players       GUS (..
  gmod).



  [1m5.12.   compile   compilation  [0m

    1.0c    driver   
     ioctl() .    
            
   driver .  toReadme   driver  
   .

          
  soundcard.h  ultrasound.h   compile  .  
         .



  [1m5.13.  SEGV        [0m
  [1m[0m

             
   .



  [1m5.14.   bugs        drivers[0m
  [1m;[0m

     Readme    CHANGELOG  
      driver .





  [1m5.15.       sound driver ioctls() . ;[0m



       [4mHacker's[24m [4mGuide[24m [4mto[24m [4mVoxWare[24m,  
     draft . H      draft
  2,      
  <ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/Linux/ALPHA/sound/>.   
  directory  ""       
  directory.   "cd"    directory   
  FTP  "dir",    .

        ,    
     Web site  4Front Technologies.

       Linux Multimedia Guide,  
     "".





  [1m5.16.   CPU resources        [0m
  [1m ;[0m



        ,    :


      PCM sampling   FM

       

            
     

     hardware   

    o  I/O ,  CPU clock,  cache, .

  ,   386       
      FM synthesized   8 bit  .   
  , , MOD     .  
          44kHz 
    40%    486/50   386/25 
         22 kHz (   8 bit 
   SoundBlaster).     Gravis UltraSound 
     hardware,    
   .

           
    .

           
      sox       
    ( CPU  on board FPU).  driver  
         .



  [1m5.17.     PAS16   Adaptec 1542 SCSI host adaptor[0m


  (      seeker@indirect.com)


  To Linux    1542   330 (default)  334,
    PAS    MPU-401   330.   
    MPU-401   software,    
  conflict   1542    default .   
    1542  334      

  .


  ,   1542  o PAS-16  16-bit DMA, '  
   (sample)  16-bit 44 KHz stereo   
    SCSI drive     1542,   .
   DMAs        RAM refresh,
      dread  ``PARITY ERROR - SYSTEM HALTED'', 
       .       
      QIC-117 tape drives  
     on/off   (bus)   1542   
  on     .    SCSISEL.EXE
    BBS  Adaptec     internet,    
  BUS ON     BUS OFF     
  ,         . 
  SCSISEL     EEPROM, '   
   '   patch    DOS driver  CONFIG.SYS, 
        Linux (   DOS patch).


    -   Symphony chipsets  
      I/O ,     
    .     boards    
             PAS-16.
   Media Vision's BBS   SYMPFIX.EXE    
       bit   
        Symphony,   
    .     :


            
          ,

      , 

         .

   Young Microsystems    boards    
  $30 (US).          
         ( ). '
        ProAudio's bus interface chip.
        $120        6MHz
  AT.     25-40MHz 386/486,    
         12MHz  
     .


        chipset   
  motherboard ,        BIOS,
      .       
     refresh (hidden  synchronous),    1542
  DMA  ()     I/O.     
      Media Vision    
    Symphony        . 
  , - 3  4      
   .       , 
      hardware,        
   .



  [1m5.18.          (samples)[0m
  [1m;[0m


    hardware,       
   .      .   
  "bidirectional mode"  [4mHacker's[24m [4mGuide[24m to Voxware  
  .



  [1m5.19.   SB16   IRQ 2,   configure    [0m
  [1m[0m


    '286  ,  interrupt IRQ 2  
   interrupt controller.    IRQ 9.



  [1m5.20.    "SoundBlaster AWE32"   "SoundBlaster16 ASP";[0m


  ,  Creative Labs     
   '   .       o
  AWE driver   Linux  2.1.x.



  [1m5.21.    Linux     DOS,   / [0m
  [1m      [0m


       soft reboot  DOS.   
       ,  
  CONFIG.SYS.

         
  software  IRQ  DMA.  A  
    Linux  MS-DOS/Windows,    
  .        
    (..       
  hardware reset).

             
      reset    
      (.. Ctrl-Alt-Del).

  H         
   IRQ  DMA   MS-DOS   Linux ( 
   DOS :-).



  [1m5.22.     DOOM   Linux[0m


        DOOM  ID  Linux 
       .

        driver    2.90 
  .   real-time "DOOM mode".

      16-bit.   8-bit    
           
    <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/games/doom>.

      DOOM     ,  
    (     sndserver)   
  .

   default  DOOM    (    DOS). 
   musserver       DOOM  
  Linux.     
  url="ftp://pandora.st.hmc.edu/pub/linux/musserver.tgz">.


  [1m5.23.             ;[0m

         
      slots       
  .        ,  
     (    
  ).


          
    (.. )   .

            
       .

  ,       kernel command line option no-hlt
    .        
     halt    idle process loop.
          ,  
       append="no-hlt"   LILO
  configuration.



  [1m5.24.      ,    [0m


          ,  
   :


            
      (.. )

             
      

     ,         
     MS-DOS        . 
        DMA     '
       .    ,    
        DMA      .


  [1m5.25.   ""        [0m
  [1m  MS-DOS.[0m


       "  SoundBlaster" 
      Linux     
  driver   SoundBlaster.      
     (.. "16 bit SB Pro compatible"  "SB compatible
  16 bit")    SoundBlaster mode    "hack" 
      DOS .    
  16 bit native mode       
   Linux (2.0.1  ).

      ( )    
     SoundBlaster mode.      
            Mwave.



  [1m5.26.     ,       16-bit Sound-[0m
  [1mBlaster,    8-bit mode   Linux.[0m

   16-bit        SoundBlaster
        8-bit SoundBlaster Pro.  
    16-bit mode       SoundBlaster 16
    driver   Linux.

          16-bit mode 
   driver  MAD16  MSS/WSS.


  [1m5.27.          Linux ;[0m


        sites      Linux
    :

    <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/kernel/sound/>

    <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/apps/sound/>

    <ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/sound/>

    <ftp://nic.funet.fi:/pub/Linux/util/sound/>

    <ftp://nic.funet.fi:/pub/Linux/xtra/snd-kit/>

    <ftp://nic.funet.fi:/pub/Linux/ALPHA/sound/>


  [1m5.28.     compile  driver     [0m
  [1m  module;[0m



      o driver    kernel
  loadable module.

     /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound/Readme.modules 
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/modules.txt ( /usr/src/linux/README) 
   .



  [1m5.29.           [0m
  [1m    ;[0m


     oplbeep ,    
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/oplbeep-alpha.tar.gz>


       beep,    
  url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/patches/misc/modreq_beep.tgz">

    modutils    -    patch 
          
           .

  ,         
              
        .



  [1m5.30.  T   VoxWare[0m

  ;


   drivers       
   Unix   Intel,      
         Linux.   
  1996       "VoxWare". 
          VoxWare Incorporated, 
      .     driver 
  OSS/Free.
  O Open Sound System (OSS)     driver 
       Unix,     4Front
  Technologies.   ,   OSS/Free   
      Linux.

           
        driver    TASD
  (Temporarily Anonymous Sound Driver)  USS (Unix Sound System).

       Web   4Front
  Technologies   <http://www.4front-tech.com/>.    review
   OSS/Linux    1997  Linux Journal.



  [1m5.31.   Plug and Play  ;[0m


     Plug and Play     Linux
   2.1.  ,   ,  
         Plug and Play. A   
  Pentium   Plug and Play BIOS,      
     .      Linux driver
         I/O ,  
  IRQ,    DMA    BIOS.

       Plug and Play  Linux   
       .     
  Web site  Red Hat   <http://www.redhat.com/> (  
     Linux  ).

       Windows95,   
   device manager     ,  
   soft boot  Linux    LOADLIN.
     Windows95   Linux   
   .

       DOS,     icu
  utility      SoundBlaster16 PnP   
    DOS,    soft boot  Linux
     LOADLIN.  ,    DOS
    Linux     .

    OSS driver      SoundBlaster16
  PnP.      driver   4Front Technologies.



  [1m5.32.   Sox/Play/Vplay   "invalid block size 1024"[0m


     driver    1.3.67  
      ()    
   SNDCTL_DSP_GETBLKSIZE ioctl    4096. 
         snd-
  util-3.x.tar.gz (   <ftp://ftp.4front-tech.com/ossfree>.)  
    .      driver  
           
  4096 bytes          
   .






  [1m5.33.    driver        ;>[0m


  . O driver     
  .  To  configure     driver
       (dependencies)  .
            
      .

  :      '  
          
  driver  (     "  ".



  [1m5.34.     mixer      [0m
  [1mmodule  driver [0m


      driver   loadable module  
    kerneld        
  .       -   
    module,    mixer   default
   .         
  (.. SoundBlaster16)   .   Markus Gutschke
  ((gutschk@uni-muenster.de)    .  
     /etc/conf.modules   :



       options sound dma_buffsize=65536 && /usr/bin/setmixer igain 0 ogain 0 vol 75




         (  
    setmixer)      driver . 
   dma_buffsize     (dummy)  
      option      .
         mixer   
  /.

     compile  driver      
      mixer       
  mixer          
     /etc/rc.d/rc.local.



  [1m5.35.     root    [0m


   script    sound device files   
   Readme.linux,  default   devices  
    root.        
  .    ,    
     log in     Linux PC   
       .     
  ,     permissions   
  script.

    default ,   o    .
           .



  [1m5.36.     IBM ThinkPad;[0m


            
  mwave   IBM ThinkPad laptop computer   Linux 
  <http://www.screamin.demon.co.uk/>.



  [1m6.  [0m


  A      CD-ROM  SCSI interface,   Linux
  SCSI HOWTO   Linux CD-ROM HOWTO    
       .

   Sound Playing HOWTO       
      Linux.

   Ultrasound Plug'n'play Mini-HOWTO     
    Linux  plug and play   Gravis Ultra.

   Linux SoundBlaster 16 PnP Mini-HOWTO     
    Linux  plug and play SoundBlaster 16.

   Linux SoundBlaster AWE64 PnP Mini-HOWTO     
    Linux  plug and play SoundBlaster AWE64.

        the [4mHacker's[24m [4mGuide[24m [4mto[24m [4mVoxWare[24m,
      <ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/Linux/ALPHA/sound/>. 
    '      
     <http://www.4front-tech.com/pguide>,   
     /dev/sequencer    .

    FAQs    Usenet newsgroup news.announce
     
  <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers>:




    PCsoundcards/generic-faq (Generic PC Soundcard FAQ)

    PCsoundcards/soundcard-faq (comp.sys.ibm.pc.soundcard FAQ)

    PCsoundcards/gravis-ultrasound/faq (Gravis UltraSound FAQ)

    audio-fmts/part1 (  Audio file format)

    audio-fmts/part2 (  Audio file format)

   FAQs    mailing lists  archive sites  
   .   Usenet news groups  
      /  :


    alt.binaries.sounds.* ( groups   )

    alt.binaries.multimedia ( Multimedia )

    alt.sb.programmer (    Soundblaster)

    comp.multimedia (  )

    comp.music (   /  )

    comp.sys.ibm.pc.soundcard.* ( groups    
      IBM/PCs)


   Web site      
  <http://viswiz.gmd.de/MultimediaInfo/>.  Creative Labs  Web site
    <http://www.creaf.com/>. To Web site   MediaTrix  
  <http://www.mediatrix.com/>.

  H Linux mailing list    ""  
   ,   .        
  ,      "help"  message body 
  majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu.   mailing lists   
         .,   
      .

       ,  driver   
    Readme     
     driver   .      directory
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound.

         driver   ,
  Hannu Savolainen  email hannu@voxware.pp.fi. , , Web site
   <http://personal.eunet.fi/pp/voxware>.  Web site  
           
   ,  ,   bugs.

      OSS,   driver   Linux  
      Unix,    Web  
  4Front Technologies,   <http://www.4front-tech.com/>.


   [4mLinux[24m [4mSoftware[24m [4mMap[24m (LSM)      
    Linux.        
    hardware      LSM  keywords 
  [4msound[24m.  LSM       FTP sites,
     <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/LSM/>.

   Linux Documentation Project      Linux,
    [4mLinux[24m [4mInstallation[24m [4m[24m [4mGetting[24m [4mStarted[24m.  
     anonymous FTP   Linux archive sites 
      .

  ,    :     
        Linux (  CD-ROM 
       ),    
  [4mLinux[24m [4mMultimedia[24m [4mGuide,[24m [4mISBN[24m [4m1-56592-219-0[24m,     
  O'Reilly and Associates.       , 
       .   
  ,   800-998-9938       Web
    <http://www.ora.com/catalog/multilinux/noframes.html>  
     <http://www.pobox.com/~tranter>.














