  The Cathedral and the Bazaar
  by Eric S. Raymond
  $Date: 1998/08/11 20:27:29 $

        project   (open
  source),  fechmail.         
          
  (software engineering)       Linux.
           
    ,    (cathedral)
          
     (bazaar)    Linux.  
            
     .    
         Linux  
   "  ,   bugs  ",  
       -  
           
        .
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


  1.     .

  2.     .

  3.      .

  4.  ,  .

  5.       ?

  6.  Popclient  Fetchmail.

  7.  Fetchmail .

  8.      Fetchmail.

  9.     .

  10.       .

  11. .

  12.   .

  13. :  Netscape   !



  ______________________________________________________________________

  [1m1.      .[0m

   Linux  .    ,     
    ,       
  ,   ,   hacking   
    '   ,    
     Internet;

  , .        Linux    1993,
      Unix     
  [open source]  .        
  GNU      '80.     
          ,
        (nethack, Emacs VC
    GUD modes, xlife  )      
  .        ' .

   Linux   '     .    
  ""     Unix,   
       [evolutionary
  programming]  .  , ,    
           
   ,  .     
    (     
     Emacs)      ,
       [wizards]   
    "" [mages]      ,
      beta    .

      Linus Torvalds-     
    ,    ,  
       -  .  
      -    Linux 
           
   (    [sites]  
  Linux,       [4m[24m)    
             
   .

             
  ,    .       ,
        projects,  
         Linux    
        ,     
       .

     1996   .      
          project   
            .   
   -     .

             
  project           
      .    
          Linux,     
      .       , 
             
    Linux     -   
          ._



  [1m2.      .[0m


    1993         
   ,   Chester County InterLink (CCIL)
       (   CCIL 
         bulletin-board software
  --     telnet  locke.ccil.org
  <telnet://locke.ccil.org>.       
     ).       
      24     56   CCIL.
  in fact, it  practically demanded it!

  ,       
  .         
   SLIP         (snark.thyrsus.com) 
   CCIL.  ,  ,      
   (telnet)   "locke"    
   .          
    snark        
            
  .

        sendmail  ,  
            
    IP.         
        SLIP      
       .    
           
   (Post Office Protocol).      
    3     BSD/OS 
     "locke".

    3 client.  ,     
  .     .  pop-perl
   ,     ,   
         
    [reply]   .

    :      "joe"  "locke"
      [mail]        snark 
     ,    
       '  "joe"     snark.
             [Reply
  addresses]   "@ccil.org"    .

            .
  , ,     clients   !  
      :

    [4m1)[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[0m

         (   , "
       ") ,  , 
          
          
  . , ,      Linux--  
         Linux   .

   , ;       
   3 client     ; 
    !        utilities 
     ,   " '    
    ;".

    [4m2)[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[24m  [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m([24m [4m[24m  [4m).[0m

         , 
    .      
       .    
               
            
              .

   Linus Torvalds <http://www.earthspace.net/~esr/faqs/linus>, 
  ,    Linux '  .   , 
      '  Minix,   Unix-
     386.  ,   Minix  
   --, ,      
     , ,    Linux.
    ,       utility     
  ,       .

       Unix     
    ('     GNU project  
  Unix   ,      
     ).     Linux   
       .    terabytes
   .  ,         
            
       Linux,   .

        .      
  ,       '   
  -- fetchpop,  PopTart,  get-mail,  gwpop,  pop-
  perl,  pimp,  popc,  popmail   upop.   
     'fetchpop'  Seung-Hong Oh.    
  header rewrite '        
         1.9.

    , ,     'popclient'
   Carl Harris     .     'fetchpop'
         (   
   daemon),     3  
    ( Seung-Hong Oh    
          
     ).     Carl  ,
     ,      
           
      fetchpop (   
   ).

       ;   ,     
    x      
   .

            
   .       
     3    ,   
  .   fetchpop       
  2, RPOP  APOP  , ,   IMAP (nternet
  Message Access Protocol,       
  ) IMAP <http://www.imap.org>,     
   .

  ,         ,   
      ,       Linux.

    [4m3)"[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m;[24m  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m,[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m".[24m [4m(Fred[24m [4mBooks,[24m [4m"The[24m [4mMythical[24m [4mMan-Month",[24m [4mchapter[24m [4m11)[0m

  ,     ,       
      .      
      .  ,    
  ,    '   [4m[24m  .

   (   )      fetchpop  
   .  ,  .

            
  popclient  [popclient paches]    Carl Harris   25
   1996,   x      
  popclient   .      ,  
  bugs   .         
              
  .
      ,  project .   
        [patches]  
    clients.      '  ' 
            , ,
      .

           
  [code-sharing],          
  .    :

  [4m4)[24m  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m,[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m.[0m

     Carl Harris, ,    .
   

  [4m5)[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m'[24m [4m,[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m'[24m [4m[24m  [4m[24m [4m.[0m

        ,  Carl    
          .   
     ,     '   .
        ,  .   
     ,      ._



  [1m3.[0m

  [1m     .[0m

  ,   popclient.      
      .        
          ,   
   .    ,   
      .

        Unix,   Linux   
  ,          hackers.   
       ,    [4m[0m
  hackers.          
      [debugging].    , 
      ,     
      ,       
      .

  [4m6)[24m  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[0m

          .  
  ,        
           
         , 
    Linus Torvalds         
  .

          [hack]  
  Linus,          Linux ,
  ,       Linux.  ,  ,
           
    : ",       
         ".   
  .  ,     Robert Heinlein,      
  .

    ,        Linux
         GNU Emacs Lisp  
    Lisp [Lisp code archives].     
  -   C   Emacs   
     FSF,      Lisp
         .    
          
      .     ,  
  Internet,  Linux,  .

  ,      ,   
  fetchmail,     Emacs VC mode,  Linux- 
      ,     
  ( Richard Stallman,    Emacs    FSF
  <http://www.fsf.org>)     .    
  front-end  SCCS, RCS , , CVS    Emacs, 
      "  " ["one-touch"].
     ,   sccs.el,   
   .      VC , ,   
    Emacs,    Emacs Lisp     
      /  / .

   ,      FSF  
      GPL  ,     
     FSF     / 
  ,     FSF     
  copyright        
   ,      GPL   
    copyright.      
      BSD  MIT X    .
      ,     
      .






  [1m4.   ,  .[0m

           
       Linux.   
   (  )   
           projects,
            bugs 
             
  .

          "" 
  .            
    bugs,         
  (   )      (like a dog) 
    '  bugs;     Emacs C  ' 
   .  ,   Lisp ,    
     Lisp  '    FSF,  
            ,
   '     Emacs.

     '   ,  elisp  ,
       '    
     Linux.      
       ,        
        ""  
   FSF.        1992  
            Emacs
  Lisp.           .
  ,   ,   Linux   , 
         .  
     Linus      ""
  .        sunsite  tsx-11
     .   '    
        .

   Linus      -  
    :

  [4m7.[24m [4m,[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[0m

     Linus     (   
       Unix),       
         .   
   (  1992)         
     !         
    -      
  Internet        .

   [4m[24m  ;         
        Linus Torvalds;

   Linus     hacker (    
       ;).   Linux
         .   Linus   ( 
  )      ,  ,  Richard
  Stallman   James Gosling (NeWS  Java).      
  Linus    ,     
    bugs       
     '       .  ,
      Linux     
         
  Linus.

  , ,         Internet 
          
  Linus,     ;

      ,     .   Linus  
  hackers/      - 
    project        
        ( [4m[24m [4m[24m)  
   .

   Linus        
    bugs   ,      
            ,  
   bug  .   Linus   
    :

  [4m8.[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4mbeta[24m [4m[0m
  [4m-,[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4mfix[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[0m

   ,  , "  ,    bugs  ".
    : "   Linus".

       ,   "   
  ".   Linus   ,    
             
    .  "   ", , "
   [4m[24m  .       
    ".   , ,      
    .

  , ,         
   ,      .   
     ,  bugs    
    , ,  . 
          
    . '     
           
  ,    ,   .

  '     " " ,  bugs 
    -, ,   
        -
      .  ,     
        , 
         

    "  Linus"  ,     
        Linux,  " "  
  ,           
      bugs.  ,    
  ,      bugs   Linux.

    ,      .   
            
   (  )    
         .
    "  ".   ,  
    Linus        
    bugs     -   
         , 
         .

     Jeff Dutky  (dutky@wam.umd.edu)  
      Linus     "   Bugs
    ".  Jeff  ,     
  bugs         
    ,    
    .  ,    bugs    
        management 
         .

   ,      
          
  bugs        Linux.   
   "    "   
        [fed-back]  
  .

   Brooks        Jeff: " 
        ,
  ,  40%       .   
         .  [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4mbugs[24m".

      bugs,   
       
    .       
    -.    
      bug     
   ,   ,    .  
  "  "       
   .       bugs   
         .

  ,        
     bug,     [4m[24m,
           
           bug  
   [4m'[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[0m

   Linus, ,     .     [4m[0m
   bugs,          
            
   ""      bugs   
   .         
  hackers  Linux,    .       
          ._




  [1m5.        ?[0m

       Linus    
       ,      
         (   
  ).

              
     popclient.     Carl Harris  
        ,   
   C.         
         .    
             ad hoc
     (       
   LISP hacker).

              
            
  .           .
            bugs '
      .

           
  Carl.            .
             '  
  driver      ( 2, 3  ).  
            
       ,      C
       .

  [4m9.[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m'[24m [4m[0m
  [4m.[0m

  Brooks,  9: "        
     ,    .     
     ,      .   
   ".

     Brooks,   ,  
  " "  "".  , , 
    / ,    .

  '    (  96,      )
           -
    ,      POP client.  , ,
         .    
  popclient       .

         fetchmail    
       SMTP.    '   .
           
             Linus
  Torvalds.      :

  1.     (     .  
        ,  ).

  2.      beta  '  
            fetchmail.

  3.          
     ,        .

  4.    ,     
       ,     
        .

            .  '   
         bugs,    
            ,  
       .    ,
      ,  .  '   :

  [4m10.[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m,[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[0m

       fetchmail     
    ,    fetchmail.    
  249        .

       1997,       
   300  ,       , 
    .         
      fetchmail    '   
       !  ,    
            
  "".






  [1m6.   Popclient  Fetchmail.[0m

           Harry Hochheiser
             
   SMTP       client.   
          
        .

       fetchmail     ,
  ,    interface     
  ,       options   .  
          
   mailbox      ,   
  .

    ,       SMTP, 
    popclient      .  
         (M)  
       (MDA).     SMTP
      '   MDA     
  MTA,      ,  
  ,    sendmail.


          
        lock-and-append ' 
  mailbox,      25     
    TCP/IP '  ;      ,
          
   SMTP   '  ,   
     .

      .  ,      SMTP
       '     
      Linus.       
    -         .

  [4m11.[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m,[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[24m  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[0m

     ,       
       ,    
            
       .      
       Linus!

  (           Perl 
    1997,  Larry Wall    .  
         ,   
   [religious-revival style], ", , !". 
     ,        
       Perl.)


            
            ,
         ' .    
      Email,       
         :-)

  ,        , 
      .

  [4m12.[24m [4m,[24m [4m[24m  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[0m

             
  popclient    MTA/MDA,      
   .       fetchmail ' 
  ,    MT,     SMTP Internet
  .

     -      
   patch-         
  ,      .     
     .

    .  ,       (1)  
    SMTP   driver, (2)     
    , (3)       
  ,         
      .

       (3),    
        popclient  
   '    .  ,
         .forward   non-sendmail
   ,      .   , 
     .
  , ,      .   
    driver .     
  -     MDA     mailbox
   ,         
      [file locking].

  ,       .   
         '    
    ,    .     
     SMTP,   SMTP listener    
       , ,   
      .

  ,    (        
     ).        
         .

  ,         
   MDA    ,     
        dynamic SLIP.  ,
  ,        .

   ;       
          .  
   - (     , 
       )  :

  [4m13.[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m([24m [4m)[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m,[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m.[0m

         ,  [4m[24m 
   .      fetchmail   
  ,  '    popclient.

        .     
   '   sendmail     poclient.  
     MTA,     sendmail    
  ,   popclient  .  ,    
    ,   fetchmail.



  [1m7.   Fetchmail .[0m

   , , '     , '  
           ,
       .     
          
        .      
     hacker  Unix   SLIP/PPP  '
  .

        SMTP,    
       ""   ,  
           
           
  .

       .     '
           ,  , 
     , .      
         -   
            '
            .

   Andrew Tanenbaum        
    Unix  386,      
  .   Linus Torvalds     Minix   ' 
  Andrew.      (    )  
    Carl Harris  Harry Hochheiser     .
      "" .

     -     
   !         
     .      fetchmail    
    ,          
  ,        
    ,       .     
        .

       ,    '
  ' ,     multidrop-   
     mailboxes      
           
   .

        multidrop  
    ,      
       single-drop   
        /
  .    .    RFC 822
  <http://www.internic.net/rfc/rfc822.txt>     
        ,   
      ,     
      .

  ,   multidrop      
   .

  [4m14.[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m,[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[0m

      multidrop fetchmail   
      (mailing lists)  
     [4mclient[24m   SLIP/PPP,   ' 
       alias.    ,  
     ,    
   ISP,        
           ISP.

           
    8-bit MIME.       ,
        8-bit  .   
     '   ,  
      :

  [4m15.[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4mgateway[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m,[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4mstream[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m-[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m![0m

     '      8-bit MIME  
     bugs.    ,      
     RFC 1652 <http://www.internic.net/rfc/rfc1652.txt> 
     bits   .

  $        
           
   fetchmail (        
   ).   '     
  ,         ' .   
       '    - 
        .



  [1m8.       Fetchmail.[0m

        
  ,     '   
  fetchmail   .

      rc     
  ""  [noise keyword]     
  .          
   '        
         .

      ,      
    rc       .
  (           
  popclient  "server"  "poll").

            
           .  ,  
          "
   ",     Emacs  HTML  
    ,      
   .

          
           
  .          
       ,      
         .   ,   50%
   ,     .

            .  
        .     
          .  ,
              
       .

  , ,    .  ,   
        -   
           bugs  
   .     ,     
          ""  
         ,   
           
        .  (   
          
       " ".

      fetchmail     
  ,         
  .      .     
      ,    
          
      .     :

  [4m16.[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4mTuring[24m [4m(Turing-complete),[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[0m

          .   
   fetchmail         
       rc,   
        .

    ,      .  
        rc     
  fetchmail-          
          fetchmail.

       .fetchmailrc   
      .      
  :

  [4m17.[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m.[24m  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m-.[0m



  [1m9.      .[0m

           
         ,
         ,
            , ,
        -.

       ,    , 
         .  
   ,      debug  ,  
      [4m[24m    project '  
  .       Linus  .   
          
    ,   .

           
    [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m.     
      .     , 
  bugs,    .       
       -    
         .

   Linux   fetchmail   , 
  .          
    ,        
           
         .

  $  Linus       Unix.      
   '  popclient (       
      Linux).  , ,  ,
         
   ,       
   ;

            
    ,       
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m.

      project  Linux   fetchmail.   Linus,
     (   )   , 
             
    Linux.          
     fetchmail (,    SMTP)  
   .

          
          
   ,        , ,
    .     .    
      .

   , ,       
         -  
           .  
        ,   
   fetchmail.

  , ,   project  fetchmail    
        .     
           
    project.     Linus  
         .
          '    
      ;

        
   , ,       
            '  
  .         
         
           .  
      .

             
     , ,     
   project     -  .
           
   .

           
  ,       ,   
           .
           
  ,       .    
    .

       Linus      
       .       
           .
        ,    
     .


  [1m10.        .[0m

      :      
  [hacks]        
          
   .         (1), 
        :

  [4m18.[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m,[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m[0m
  [4m[24m [4m[24m [4m.[0m

      Carl Harris    popclient,   
      fetchmail.       .  
   ,        Linux  
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      -.

     "The Mythical Man-Month"  Fred Brooks  , 
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  [1m11.  .[0m

           ,
      .     Jeff
  Dutky <dutky@wam.umd.edu>     " 
   "       
    .  ,   Nancy
  Lebovitz<nancyl@universe.digex.net>      
   Weinberg   .     
  Joan Eslinger <wombat@kilimanjaro.engr.sgi.com>   Marty Franz
  <marty@net-link.net>   General Technics.   Paul Eggert
  <eggert@twinsun.com>       
   GPL .       PLUG,  
  Linux  ,       
  .  ,    Linus Torvalds     
      .
  [1m12.    .[0m

       "[4mThe[24m [4mMythical[24m [4mMan-Month[24m", 
  Frederick P. Brooks.       25  
    Addison-Wesley (ISBN 0-201-83595-9)   
      1986 "[4mNo[24m [4mSilver[24m [4mBullet[24m".

         20 , 
    Brooks        
        .      
           
      Brooks     
   Microsoft!


   "[4mThe[24m [4mPsychology[24m [4mof[24m [4mComputer[24m [4mProgramming[24m"  Gerald M. Weinberg
         "
   ".           
    "  ",      
       ,     
   .

   Richard P. Gabriel     Unix  -Linux
  ,        
       "[4mLisp:[24m [4mGood[24m [4mNews,[24m [4mBad[24m [4mNews,[24m [4mand[24m [4mHow[0m
  [4mTo[24m [4mWin[24m [4mBig[24m".       ,   
        Lisp (   
  ).          
  "Worse Is Better"      Linux.   
    Internet, <http://www.naggum.no/worse-is-better.html>.


    [4mPeopleware:[24m [4mProductive[24m [4mProjects[24m [4mand[24m [4mTeams[24m (New York; Dorset
  House, 1987; ISBN 0-932633-05-6),   De Marco  Lister,  
      ,       
       Brooks.     '   
       Linux    , 
           
            
          .

  ,           "
     ",       
          . 
      " "  Marc Miller  Eric
  Drexler,      
         
           
  Linux,      .    
    Internet,  <http://www.agorics.com/agorpapers.html>.





  [1m13.  :  Netscape   ![0m

          ...

   22  1998,       
    ,  Netscape Communications, Inc.  
        Netscape Communicator
  <http://www.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease558.html>.   
           .


   Eric Hahn,      Netscape 
  ,  ,   :  "    
  Netscape,          
  '   .         
      ".

       Silicon Valley,    
  Netscape    ( 4  1998),   
    .       
           
           
    .         .  
      .

   Netscape        
        .   
        :    
  Netscape ,         
           .

    ,     .    
      .    ,
  .    Netscape       
         
  .

          .







































